2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题.docx

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term "plant neurobiology was 1 around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals. 3 plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that 4 consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is bunk, according to the authors of the new article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called 6 of plants9 intelligence is intriguing but inconclusive, the scientists wrote. In animals, neurobiology refers to the biological mechanisms through which a nervous system regulates behavior, according to Harvard University's Mind Brain Behavior Interfaculty Initiative. Over millions of years, brains in diverse animal species have evolved to produce behaviors that experts identify as intelligent: Among them are reasoning and problem-solving, tool use and self-recognition.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals J said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, a professor emeritus of molecular, cell and developmental biology at the University of California Santa Cruz.“They 10 claimed that plants have "brain-like command centers7 at their root tips,“ Taiz told Live Science in an email.This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, 12 it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals, according to the article. 13 , the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the billions of synapses firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than "a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required/9 he 16 .Other researchers who recently investigated the neuroscience of consciousnessawareness of one's world and a sense of self-found that in animals, only vertebrates, arthropods and cephalopods had brains complex enough to enable them to be conscious.“If the lower animals一which have nervous systems一lack consciousness, the 17 that plants without nervous systems have consciousness arc effectively nil J Taiz said.And what's so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can't run away from 18 , so investing energy in a body system that 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy, according to the article. zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children's interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. They also get to meet adults who have turned their love for animals into a career, and with whom they can identify.Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos5 treatment of animals with their educational potential.43. Greg NewberryEmma Mairis' article is an insult and disservice to the thousands of passionate dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and our planet. Ms. Marris uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos and aquariums are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.44. Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are, in that sense, akin to natural history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.45. John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the natural world we live in.| A| Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.F Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals' wellbeing fG Marris distorts our findings, which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon's French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor's difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic code-breaking battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman's epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, "The Scovell Ciphers/9 (47) It listed many documents is code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose seciets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarteis. Oman rated Scovelfs significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that greal struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. Keen to read more, I was surprised to find that Oman's appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?Studying Scovell's papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which, I realized, was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.As I researched ScovelPs story, I found far more of interest besides his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington's headquarters and the recognition given to him fbr his work were bound up with the class politics of the Army at the time. His story of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code-breaking has its wide】 relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an email to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at your university.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming“ instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)1. A coinedB discoveredC collectedD| issued2. A attributedB directedC comparedD confined3. A UnlessB WhenC OnceDjThough4. A coped withB consisted ofC hinted atD extended to5. A suffersB benefitsC developsD differs6. AJ acceptanceB evidenceC cultivationDJ creation7. A doubtedB deniedC arguedD requested8. A| adapting|B| forming|C repairingD testing9. A analogousB essentialC suitableD sensitive10. A justBJ everC stillDJ even11. A restrictionB experimentC perspectiveD demand12. A attachingB reducingC returningD exposing13. A HoweverB MoreoverC ThereforeD Otherwise14. A temporarilyB literallyC superficiallyD imaginarily15. A listB levelC labelDload16. A recalledBj agreedC questionedD added17. A chancesB risksC excusesD assumptions18. A dangerB failureIC warningDJ control19. A representsB includesC revealsD recognizes20. A humbleB poorC practicalD easySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often grumble that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are ubiquitous and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep" out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. Until recently, museums only had to worry about traditional materials. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, David Bowie costumes, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE). “It's like baking a cake: If you don't have exact amounts, it goes wrong J she says. "The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, it's not the artist's fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen "nature carpet"large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets-which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. Ws especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi's pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and colleagues at RCE began to study ways to protect polyurethane. First, they took foam samples similar to the nature carpets and infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals that modern manufacturers often use. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. Then the team used xenon lamps to artificially age both treated and untreated samples, and examined them under high-powered microscopes. The results were encouraging. Samples that lacked sunscreen had withered under the barrage of photons: The molecular “struts“ shoring up the foam were 42% thinner and notably more brittle than before the lamp treatment. The struts in samples with sunscreen decreased by as little as 12.5%. Armed with that knowledge, conservators working with RCE infused several Gilardi sculptures, including two nature carpets, with the sunscreen to stabilize them. Van Oosten is proud that several have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases. Long called the “queen of plastics,“ in 2012, van Oosten was knighted in the Netherlands for her efforts to preserve plastic objects and spread knowledge to other institutes.Despite such success stories, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Feixeira notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history-Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on-after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve.will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen.”According to paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in.A maintaining their plastic itemsObtaining durable plastic artifacts CJ Handling outdated