初中英语易混词辨析.doc
. 中考常考同义词或词组同近义词或词组的辨析题,不仅在平时测验、周考、月考中常出,也是中考的一个重要考察点,平时我们就应该注意这些词的不同用法以及一些固定搭配,这样不仅对平时成绩有帮助,也会在中考时起一定的作用,下面我们就逐步的总结一下这些重要的常考的同近义词:1spend, pay, cost, take(1) spend vt. “花费,主语只能是人;常用结构:sb. spend 时间/钱 on sth. “在上花时间/金钱sb. spend 时间/钱 (in) doing sth. “在做某事上花费时间/金钱eg: I spend two hours on my homework every day. =I spend two hours (in) doing my homework every day. 此外,spend 还有“度过的意思。常用结构:spendwith sb.eg: spend ones holidaywith ones friends“和朋友一起度假。 (2) pay vt. & vi. “花费,付款,主语只能是人;常用结构: sb. pay 钱 for sth. “某人为某物付钱sb, pay sb.钱 = sb. pay钱 to sb. “某人付钱给某人eg: We must pay him 10 dollars. 我们必须付他10美元。 = She paid 100 dollars for her new shoes.(3) cost vt.“花费,主语是物,常用结构: sth. cost sb钱 “某物花费某人多少钱 eg: This dictionary cost me 50 yuan. =I spent 50 yuan on this dictionary. =I paid 50 yuan for this dictionary.此外,cost还有“值多少钱的意思。 常用结构: sth. cost 钱 eg: This book cost 20 yuan. 这本书值20元钱。cost 还可作名词,“本钱,费用。固定搭配:at all costs 不惜任何代价,无论如何eg: Ill do it well at all costs. 无论如何我都要把这件事做好。 cost 的过去式是本身,做题时一定要注意句子是什么时态,前后搭配要一致。 常见的过去式是本身的动词:cost, put, cut, read(4) take 当“花费讲时,主语是物,常用结构: It takes sb.时间/钱 to do sth. eg: It took me two hours to write this composition. = I spend two hours (in) writing this composition.2arrive, get to, reach (1) 这三个词都有“到达的意思,但arrive为不及物动词,后接地点名词时要加介词,reach和get to后面直接跟表示地点的名词, 常用结构:arrive in + 方名词arrive at + 小地方名词get to + 地点名词reach + 地点名词Eg: arrive in Beijing = get to Beijing = reach BeijingArrive at the station = get to station = reach the starion (2) arrive 和 get to 后接地点副词时,arrive后不加介词,get to去掉to,Eg: arrive home/here/there = get home/here/there 初中常见的地点副词有home, here, there. 三者只有arrive可以不加地点。如:“我们明天到,只能用 We will arrive tommorrow.3wear, put on, dress, have on, be in, be dressed in put on 和 dress 表穿动作,其他的都表示状态。(1) put on “穿上,戴上 ,宾语是衣服、鞋帽等,宾语为代词时,要放在put on之间,如:put them on, put it on.eg: Its very cold outside. Please put on your overcoat. 反义短语为take off,注意一定不是put off.(2) wear 常指“穿着、“戴着的状态,宾语是衣服、鞋帽等。它还有“留长发,蓄胡子等意思,eg: wear blue shoes/glasses/a new hat/a watch/new clothes(3) dress + sb. / oneself “给某人穿衣服,宾语不能是“衣服,只能是“人,eg: The mother dresses her baby every morning.(4) have on 指状态,不用进展时,因为它本身就有进展时的含义:“有在身上, eg: He always has his cap on, 他总是戴着帽子。(5) be in, be dressed in 后面不仅可接“衣服,还可接“颜色,这是与前面几个词和短语的用法不同的。eg: She is always (dresses) in red. 她总穿红衣服。 4few, a few, little, a little, a bit, a bit of这几个词分成几对来比拟:(1) a few fewa little little( 只能横向比拟和竖向比拟) few 和 a few后面都接可数名词的复数形式,有a的表示“有一点,表肯定;没有a的表示“几乎没有,表否认; little 和 a little 后接不可数名词,有a的表示“有一点,表肯定;没有a的表示“几乎没有,表否认;Eg: hurry up. There is little time left, 快点,没有时间了。Dont worry. There is still a little time left. 别着急,还有一点时间。He has few friends, so he is very lonely. 他几乎没有朋友,所以他感到很孤独。注意: only a little = little only a few = few 当 a few 前有另一个形容词或定冠词修饰时,a 要去掉。Eg: in the past few years . 在过去的几年中。Every few hundred meters 每隔几百米。(2) a little,a bit,a little bit, a bit of a little,a bit与a little bit修饰形容词和副词时,根本可以互换,只是a little bit的语气比前两者弱;Eg:I am a little tired. = I am a bit tired. 我有一点累。注意:a little 还可以修饰比拟级,a bit 那么不能。 修饰比拟级的其他词:much, even, a little, a lot ,far ,anyEg: She is a little taller than me. 她比我高一点。a bit of 修饰不可数名词,a bit 不可以修饰名词; 修饰名词时:a little + 不可数名词= a bit of + 不可数名词 表达否认时:not a bit = not at all “一点也不Not a little = quite “十分,相当Eg:She is not a bit tired.(=She is not tired at all.)她一点都不累。 She is not a little tired. 她很累5too many, too much, much too (1) too many和too much 意为“太多,指超过了一定的限度,前者后接可数名词复数,后者接不可数名词,并且可以单独使用。Eg: Too many people took part in yesterdays singing competetion. 太多的人参加了昨天的歌唱比赛。I am sorry. I have given you too much trouble. 对不起,我给你添了太多的麻烦。 He ate too much. 他吃得太多了。 (2) much too意为“太,非常,后接形容词或副词。Eg: The shoes are much too large for me. 这鞋我穿起来实在是太大了。 He ran much too fast. 他跑得太快了。注意:这三个词组,均以词组中的后一个词为主,即much too的重心是too太; too much的重心是much多,too many 的重心也是多,区别在于名词可不可数,所以我们做题时只看后面修饰的是什么词就可以了。没有many too 这一用法。6 have to, must(1) have to 表示由于客观环境或条件的要求而“必须,不得不;must 表示说话人的主观要求和看法;Eg:Its time for class now. I have to go. 上课时间到了,我不得不走了。I must go home now. 我现在必须回家(2) have to 的否认式式“不必的意思;而 must 的否认式是“禁止,绝不可的意思,两者大不一样; Eg: You dont have to hand in your homework today, 你们不必今天交家庭作业。You mustent be late. 你绝不能迟到。不用 dont have to (3) must 可表示推测,用在肯定句中,译成“一定;have to 不能; Eg: He must be ill. 他一定生病了。You must have known the news. 你当时一定知道这个消息。(4) have to 有时态变化,must 那么无时态变化。Eg: If you are ill, you ll have to see doctor.将来时 如果你生病了,你就得去看医生。He told me that he had to go. 他告诉我说他必须去。过去时(5) must 的肯定答复用 must,否认答复那么用 neednt,|而 have to 的肯定和否认答复用助动词do的各种形式。Eg: -Must I go now? 我现在必须走吗? -Yes, you must./No, you neednt. 是的,你必须走。/不,你不必走。 - Do I have to finish my homework tonight? -Yes, you do./ No, you dont.7sometimes, some times; sometime, some time (1) sometimes = at times,指“有时、“不时,表示频度,可以指过去、现在或将来的时间概念。Eg:I sometimes have letters from my father. 我不时收到父亲的来信。 Sometimes she comes here by bus and sometimes on foot. 她有时乘公共汽车来,有时步行来。(2) some times 是一个短语,由some(一些) 和times(注意:表示“次)构成,意思为“几次。(3) sometime指过去或将来不确定的“某一时间或“任何时候。 Eg:I saw him sometime in May. 我在五月某个时候看见过他。 Well take our holiday sometime in August. 我们将在八月某个时候去度假。 (4) some time指“一段时间。Eg:I stayed in Beijing for some time last summer. 上个暑假,我在呆了一段时间。8 it, one, another, the other, other , others , the others (1) it和one的区别 it为人称代词,代替可数名词单数,指前面提到过的同一事物,还可指性别不详的婴儿或心目中所想到的人。One为不定代词,代替可数名词单数,指同类中的任何一个人或物,其复数形式为ones,代替可数名词复数。Eg: My father bought me a nice watch last year. But I lost it. I want to buy a new one.我父亲去年给我买了一块新手表,但我把它弄丢了,我想买块新的。 (2) another与the other的区别这两个词作比拟时表示的是“另一个的意思: another指与前面所说的人或物同类的另一个,用于三者以上,一般接单数名词,前面不加定冠词;假设another后面接复数名词,那么another后必须有数词或few修饰。 the other表示两者之间的“另一个,此时常用结构为:“one,the other(一个另一个)Eg: Would you like another cup of tea? 你要再来一杯茶吗? You may stay here for another ten days. 你可以在这儿再住十天。I have two pens. One is new, the other is old. 我有两支钢笔,一支是新的,一支是旧的。 有时题中没有出现两者这一围的限定,但我们要根据隐含意思判断是几者,比方:人就有两只耳朵,街道只有两侧等。 (3) other 和others的区别 other是形容词,表示“其他的,必须加上名词才能做主语或宾语 others 是代词,表示“其他的,可以直接做主语或宾语 可以直接参考下一点区别(4) others与the others的区别 others = other + 复数名词,意为“别的,别人,泛指其他的人或物 the others = the other + 复数名词,意为“其余的,相当于the rest,特指全体中其余的人或物Eg: Some are listening to the radio. Others are watching TV. 一些人在听播送,一些人在看电视。 He is always ready to help others. 他时刻准备帮助别人。 Some of the colored pencils are red. The others are green. 有些彩色铅笔是红的,其余的都是绿钯的。9 each, every, both, all, either, neither的区别 (1) each和every的区别each用作形容词或代词,是“单个的意思,用于两个或两上以上的人或物,侧重于个体或个性,在句中作主语、同位语、定语或宾语Every只用作形容词,是“每一个的意思,用于三个以上的人或物,侧重于全体、整体或共性。在句中只能作定语,放在名词前Eg: On each ( = every ) side of the square there are flowers. 在广场四周都是鲜花。 On each side of the road there are many trees. 路的两边有许多树。注意:不能用every,以为指的是两者之间 Every student is here. = All the students are here. 所有的学生都到了。强调整体,否认时表示局部否认 Each of the students has two pens. 每个学生都有两支钢笔。强调个体,否认时表示全部否认 (2) both, all, either, neither 的用法区别 both指“两者都,表肯定;其否认形式为neither,指两者“都不,表全部否认 all指“三者或三者以上都,表肯定;其否认形式为none,“指所有的都不, either指两者中的“任意一个; either还表“也,用在否认句末尾用逗号隔开, 注意其他几个“也的用法 both后接复数名词,谓语动词用复数All 后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,谓语动词视名词而定Either 和 neither 后面的名词只用单数,作主语时,谓语动词也只用单数。Eg: All ( of ) the students are good at English. 所有的学生都擅长英语。 Both ( of ) his parents are teachers. = His parents are both teachers. 他的父母都是教师。 Either of the answers is right. = Either answer is right. = Both answers are right.这两个答案都对。Neither of the answers is right. = Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。 注意常用结构: either.or“或者或者,要么要么 neither.nor.“既不也不谓语动词都采取就近原那么Eg:Either she or I am right. (采取就近原那么,所以谓语be动词和后一主语I 保持一致) 要么她是对的要么我是对的。(谓语和she保持一致,所以选择第三人称单数。) Neither her teachers nor she goes to the party. 她的教师不去参加派对,她也不去参加派对。常采用就近原那么的还有:not only.but also.不仅还 there be 句型有些介词表示伴随情况时,谓语和介词前的主语保持一致:with, except, together with, but, including, like, such as 等- 10 - / 10