高考英语动词时态和语态讲义.doc

高考英语动词时态和语态讲义动词时态英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的有十一种。见下表：时态名称构 成一般现在时do/does,（连系动词is/am/are）一般过去时did,（连系动词was/were）一般将来时will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are(about)to do现在进行时is/am/are doing过去进行时was/were doing将来进行时will be doing现在完成时has/have done过去完成时had done将来完成时will/shall have done现在完成进行时has/have been doing过去将来时would/should do was/were going to dowas/were(about)to do（一）一般现在时1.表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用行为动词，且常及表频率的时间状语连用We always care for each other and help each other.2.表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受主句时态的限制)The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.1.表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时；The plane takes off at 10:00 a.m.飞机上午10点起飞。2.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中有时可以用shall或will表“意愿”，不表示时态；Ill go there after I finish my work.If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.3.以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。（二）一般过去时1.过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或存在的状态He lived in Beijing when he was young.他年轻时生活在北京。2.表达过去发生的动作We visited the factory last Friday.上周五我们参观了那家工厂。1.有些动词如：think, want, plan等用在一般过去时中常常译为“原来认为/以为，原来想，原计划”。I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.我原以为这部电影是很有趣的，但是事实并非如此。2.考生有时用现在完成时代替一般过去时Hello, I _you were in London. How long _here?A. dont know; were you B. hadnt known; are youC. havent known; are D. didnt know; have you been【解析】非常容易误选B。其实答案为D，因为“didnt know” 强调的是见面前不知道，即指过去不知道。（三）一般将来时1.表示将来的动作和存在的状态The first time well send you with an experienced reporter.第一次我们要派有经验的记者陪同你一起去。2.表示一种倾向或习惯性动作Oil will float on water.油会浮在水面上。Crops will die without water.没有水庄稼会死亡一般将来时几种特殊表达形式的区别1.be going to：表示打算做某事或有迹象表明即将发生某事I am going to visit my friend in hospital.我将去看望住在医院的朋友。It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来好象要下雨了。2.be about to：表示即时的将来。一般不及时间状语连用Now ladies and gentleman, youre about to hear the most incredible tale.女士们，先生们，你们马上就要听到一个难以置信的故事。3.be to：可用来表示计划、安排（通常是正式的安排）；指令；（表示可能）会做，可能；必定会发生或已发生了某事；发布命令或告之规则Their daughter is to get married soon.他们的女儿可能不久就要结婚了。（四）现在进行时1.表示现在正在进行的动作；It is raining heavily now, so we must stay inside.现在正下着大雨，因此我们必须呆在家里。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作；My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。现在进行时及always, often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩Why are always forgetting his name?为啥你总是记他的名字呢？（五）过去进行时1.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。2.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.昨天一整天他都在准备他的演讲。3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV. 我在写东西而他在看电视。4.表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next.day.他说他将在第二天到达。考生有时用现在完成时或用一般过去时代替过去进行时。Hey, look where you are going!Oh, Im terribly sorry._.A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent noticed. D. I dont notice.【解析】非常容易误选C。其实答案为B。因为对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情，应该用过去进行时。He _a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _it.A. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finishedC. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish【解析】非常容易误选A。其实答案为B。从“I dont know if he has finished it”推断，他去年一直在写，应该用过去进行时。（六）将来进行时1.表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report.他明天来我家的时候，我将正在写报告。2.表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.我想她做这个实验将会一直做到明天早上。3.表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测Stop the child or he will be falling over.拦住那孩子，不然他会摔下去的。将来进行时和一般将来时的区别1.一般将来时不仅表示“将来”，还含有“意志、意愿”等的意思 Ill try my best to hard work at English.我将尽全力努力学习英语。（含意愿的意思）Ill be studying English next term.下学期我将学习英语。（表示单纯的将来）2.跟一般将来时连用的时间状语比较模糊，而跟进来进行时连用的时间状语非常具体Ill write a letter to my father tomorrow.我明天要给父亲写信。Ill be writing a letter to my father this time tomorrow.明天这个时候，我会给父亲写信的。（七）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report. 我已经完成了这个报告。She has cleaned the room.她已经打扫干净了这个房间。1.表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”,“since.”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.他学英语已经六年了。They have worked here since they left college.他们大学毕业以后就在这里工作。2.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。Where is Li Hua?李华在哪里？He has gone to the reading-room.他去阅览室了。She knows a lot about Shanghai.关于上海，她懂很多。She has been there.她去过那里。短暂动词（即瞬间动词），如：join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。要翻译“他已参军已经三年了”。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.而要用以下三种方法：“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.（八）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.在那狗走过来之前，他已将门关上了。Everything had been all right up till this morning.直到今天上午为止，一切都正常。1.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words.十岁的时候，他已经学了500个英语单词了。He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.我们知道的时候，他已经病了一个星期了。2.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.我们本期望你能赢得这场比赛的。（九）将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.到这学期结束时为止，我们将会完成高中第二册书。1.在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时来表示将来某一时刻以前已完成的动作Tell me what you think about the film when you have seen it.你看完这部电影之后告诉我你对它的意见。2.及by the end of引导的时间状语从句连用时要看“of”后面的名词所表示的时间概念来决定是用将来完成时还是用过去完成时。 We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of this term.到这学期结束时为止，我们将学会2000英语单词。We had learned 2000 English words by the end of last term. 到这学期结束时为止，我们将学会2000英语单词。（十）现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.8点以来，他一直在做这些数学题。现在完成时及现在完成进行时的比较1.现在完成时着重表示动作的结果I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）2.着重表示过去发生的动作持续到现在还将继续下去Hi,Tracy,you look tired.I am tired.I_ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 【解析】答案为C。强调动作从过去到现在的延续，可能还将继续下去。（十一）过去将来时相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态。He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。would do(表示过去的习惯)总是，总会，常常。He would sit silent for hours.他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。动词被动语态（一）被动语态的构成形式被动语态构 成一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时shall/will be done过去将来时should/would be done现在进行时am/is/are being done过去进行时was/were being done现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done将来完成时will/would have been done含有情态动词的can/must/may be done（二）被动语态使用注意点1.主动表示被动的几种情况不及物动词及状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词有：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook,lock, wash等。This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。The apples taste good.这些苹果尝起来味道不错。The flower smells wonderful.这花闻起来很不错。The news proved/turned out true.这消息后来证明时真的。Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很软。主语+need/want/require表示需要被的时候，常用动名词的主动式表示被动或用不定式的被动式。（参看第八讲非谓语动词）The car needs repairing.=The car needs to be repaired.这车需要修理。be worth doing表示某事值得去做。The Great Wall is worth visiting.长城值得一游。典例精析+举一反三 对一般现在时的考查As you can see, the number of cars on our roads rising these days.A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping【解析】答案为C。为一般现在时表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态；也表示说话者的态度、能力或自然现象等等。根据as you can see这个从句中用的一般现在时，可判断出主句要用现在时态，keep doing表示“一直在做某事”。主语是the number of cars谓语动词用单数形式。The father as well as children every Sunday afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going【解析】答案为C。这个句子的主语是the father所以其谓语动词要用单数形式。再根据时间状语every Sunday afternoon in winter可判断出要用一般现在时，表示经常性的动作。as well as his children在句子中作状语。This machine _. It hasnt worked for years.A. didnt work B. wasnt workingC. doesnt work D. isnt working【解析】答案为C。“这台机器不工作（坏了）”，表示现在的一个状态，用一般现在时。Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms.A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called【解析】答案为B。本题的干扰源为上下文的过去时，但“被称为太平洋”是客观现状，只能用一般现在时。Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _off at 18:20.A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken【解析】答案为A。飞机起飞时间一般是固定时间，每次都在这个时间开。所以要用一般现在时。What would you do if it tomorrow?We have to carry it on, since weve got everything ready.A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining【解析】答案为B。在条件状语从句（if, as long as, even if）中往往用一般现在时表示将来。Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _home.A. wrote B. will write C. have written D. write【解析】答案为D。时间状语从句（when, until, before, the moment）中往往用一般现在时表示将来。对现在进行时的考查Have you got any job offers? No. I_.A. waitedB. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting【解析】答案为D。句意：“有人给你提供工作了吗？”“没有，我在等呢。”用现在进行时态表示正在进行的动作或存在的状态。Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane_.A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off【解析】答案为B。现在进行时可用来表示按计划或安排要进行的动作，常及表示将来的时间状语连用。这种用法比较生动，给人一种期待感。根据所提供的情景“Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts.”可判断出飞机马上要起飞了。Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn't stopped ringing.People_toask how I am going to spend the money.A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 【解析】答案为D。句意：自从我赢了大奖，人们不停地打 来问我将怎样使用这笔钱。此处的are phoning表示“不停的打 ”。对现在完成时的考查Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes, we should, for we _such bad luck up till now, and time out.A. have had; is runningB. had; is runningC. have; has been runD. have had; has been runAlthough medical science _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved【解析】答案为B。现在完成时表示过去发生的事对现在造成的结果，表示动作已经完成。根据所提供的情景what worries us is that some of them are returning可判断出一些危险的疾病已经得到了控制，但有一些疾病又开始传播。Danny hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A. works B. is working C. has worked D. worked【解析】答案为C。根据后问now he is popular可知本题强调过去的动作对现在的影响，用现在完成时。So far this year we _a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.A. saw B. seeC. had seenD. have seen【解析】答案为D。习语so far的意思是“到目前为止”,刚好及现在完成时的持续性用法（从过去持续到现在的一段时间）相吻合，所以通常要连用现在完成时。_ you _ him around the museum yet? Yes. We had a great time there.A. Have; shown B. Do; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show【解析】答案为A。题意为“你有没有带他参观过博物馆？是的，我们在那里过得很开心”，根据答语可判断强调结果对现在的影响。对现在完成进行时的考查Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _for it for months. A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparingD. has been preparing【解析】答案为D。由句中“for months”及“will”可知，“prepare”的动作应发生在过去而且到目前还在继续，故用现在完成进行时。I have got a headache.No wonder. You in front of that computer too long. A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked【解析】答案为C。句意：你在电脑前工作的时间太长。动作从过去开始。一直延续到现在，可能还会延续下去，所以应用现在完成进行时。I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _on it for more than an hour.A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked【解析】答案为A。根据后面“for more than an hour”可知动作持续一段时间而且一直在进行，until表明这是一个时间状语从句，句中用现在完成进行时表示将来完成进行。句意：直到这个学生做这道数学题做了一个多小时以后，我才会告诉他答案。对一般过去时的考查He _football regularly for many years when he was young. A. was playingB. playedC. has playedD. had played【解析】答案为B。由句中“regularly”和“when he was young”可知是过去某段时间内经常性、习惯性的动作，故用一般过去时。T Judy is going to marry the sailor she _in Rome last year.A. meetsB. met C. has metD. would meet【解析】答案为B。“遇见”的动作发生在“last year”，故用一般过去时。The play had already been on for quite some time when we _at the New Theatre.A. have arrived B. arrived C. had arrived D. arrive 【解析】答案为B。根据前面是过去完成时可知后面应该是一般过去时。两个动作发生的时间有先后。对过去进行时的考查I called Hannah many times yesterday evening，but I couldnt get through. Her brother _on the phone all the time!A. was talkingB. has been talkingC. has talkedD. talked【解析】答案为A。句意：昨天晚上我给汉娜打过很多次 ，就是打不通。她的哥哥一直在 上说个不停。此处用过去进行时态表示过去某一时间段内一直在进行的动作。The telephone _, but by the time I got indoor, it stopped. A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung【解析】答案为B。由句意“ 响着，但我进入室内时停了。”可知，该题表达的时间及过去有关，而及现在无关。由此，排除C、D两项。而如果选A项，则及后面“it stopped”在逻辑上存在错误。I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident .A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred【解析】答案为C。occur动作在go along“沿着（街）走”动作进行中发生的，所以主句用过去进行时，从句用一般过去时。句中的“when”表示“这时”是解题的关键。句意：我正沿街走着，想找一个地方泊车，这时，事故发生了。It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.Oh, dont mention it. I _past your house anyway.（2007北京卷）A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come【解析】答案为A。根据题干：“搭车回家”是已经发生的事，排除B和D项。根据句意“不管怎么说，我反正要路过你家”故选was coming表示过去将要。对过去完成时的考查The moment I got home, I found I _my jacket on the playground. A. had leftB. leftC. have leftD. was leaving【解析】答案为A。“found”为一般过去时态，而“leave”发生在“find”之前，故“leave”须用过去完成时态。Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?Yes, he did. He _ his old friends for a long time.A. didnt see B. wouldnt see C. hasnt seen D. hadnt seen【解析】答案为D。在昨天以前就已经好长时间没看过老朋友了，所以用过去完成时。They became friends again that day. Until then, they _to each other for nearly two years.A. didnt speak B. hadnt spoken C. havent spoken D. havent been speaking【解析】答案为B。考虑到上文所用的时态became friends again that day和后面的时间状语for nearly two years可知本题答案是B“过去的过去”，即：过去完成时。本题的意思是：在他们重新成为朋友之时，他们已经两年未说话了。John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he for the wedding.A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned【解析】答案为D。根据句意可判断出计划花多少钱发生在实际花多少钱之前，所以要用过去完成时。对一般将来时的考查_leave at the end of this month.I dont think you should do that until _another job.A. Im going to; youd found B. Im going to; youve foundC. Ill; youll find D. Ill; youd find【解析】答案为B。时间状语at the end of this month表示将来，所以要用一般将来时，表示将来要发生的事。时间状语从句用现在完成时代替将来完成时表示动作将来已经完成，表示直到找到工作才能离开。What are you going to do this afternoon?I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _quite early, so we _to the