英语四级选词填空练习及答案.doc

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can _1_ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on _2_ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, _3_ among educators. But the careful use of small _4_ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激 ) indeed _5_inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. “If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively _6_ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to _7_ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for _8_ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and _9_ failing grades. In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows _10_ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. A)mental B)promiseC)killD)avoid E)hope F)especiallyG)aidH)ordinary I)approval J)monetaryK)generallyL)improve M)challengingN)restoreO)excellent Answers: 1. L2. I3. F4. J5. G6. M7. C8. H9. N10. B Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts _1_ questions, and so on. For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become _2_ of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between _3_ and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our question of the text continues at the unconscious level. Different people _4_ with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page, others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is _5_ in the text. The latter represents _6_ levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers. There is another conversation which from our point of view is _7_ important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process” conversation as _8_ to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the _9_ we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty well _10_. Not so our ability to hold a content conversation. A)opposedB)converseC)equallyD)written E)developed F)strategiesG)comparedH)awake I)higherJ)expectationsK)dealL)absolutely M)awareN)betterO)further Answers: 1. O2. M3. J4. B5. D6. I7. C8. A9. F10. E There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .No school I have taught in has ever _ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. There are, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howmuch _ it must be given over general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a child to express himself freely and _ in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a _4_child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid _5_ language. Thats why teachers often _6_ the early use ofdictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing abouta personal experience ：“ This work is _7_ !There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible( 难以辨认的 ).” It may have been a sharP_8_ of the pupilstechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omittedto read the essay, which _9_ some beautiful expressions of the childs deePfeelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the childs ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would havegiven the pupil more _10_ to seek improvement. A)priority B)criticism C)contained D)clearlyE)adventurous F ） discourage G)motivation H)terribleI)ignored J)difficult K)encourage L)expressedM)confidently N)bright O)motive L)expressed Answers: 1. 选 I2. 选 A3. 选 M4. 选 N 5. 选 E 6. 选 K7. 选 H9. 选 C10. 选 GSport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticismfrom coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessiveamount of _1_ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychologicaland research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as _2_ orquitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.The early years of development are _3_ years for learning about oneself. The sport settingis one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to_4_ with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can _5_affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find aflaw（缺陷）in themselves.Coaches and parents should also be _6_ that youth sport participation does not become workfor children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the _7_ of learning thesport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying moreabout who will win instead of _8_ themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents andcoaches _9_ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances. Positive reinforcementshould be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivatesand has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can create _10_ levels of stress,which can lead to burnout. A)processB)high C)enjoying D)anxiety E)settleF)cautious G)cooperate H)greatly I)droppingJ)hardly K)intense L)focus M)aspiration N)critical O)procedure ANSWERS： 1.D2.I3.N4G5.H6.F7.A8.C9.L10.B The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens（雅典)in 1896and only twelve nations participated. Besides the host nationman participants were tourists who _1_ to be in Greece atthe time. Though the whole affair was _2_ and the standardwas not high, the old principle of amateur sport was kept up.Since then the games had been held every four yearsexcept during the _3_ of the two World War. This was _4_ adeparture from the old Olympic spirit when wars had to stoPandmake way for the games.The games have grown enormously in scale and _5_performances have now reached unprecedented heights.Unfortunately the same cannot be said about their _6_ standard.Instead of Olympia, the modern games are now held in differentcities all over the world. Inevitably politics and commercialismget involvedas countries vie each other for(为 . 而互相竞争) the _7_ to hold the games because of the politicalprestige and commercial profit to be _8_ out of them. Inthe 11 th games held in Berlin in 1936, Hitler who had newlycome to _9_ in Germany tried to use the occasion for hisNazi propaganda. For the first time the Olympic flame wasbrought all the way from Olympia to the games site in relays,a marathon journey now often taking months to _10_.A) honour B) accomplish C) had D) moral E) arrive F) occured G) end H) power I) happened J) definitely K) Physical L) informal M) interruption N) especially O) irregular ANSWERS : 1.选I2.选L3.选M 4.选J5.选K6.选D7.选A8.选C9.选H10.选BIts never easy to admit you are in the wrong. Being human, we all need to know the art of apologizing. Look back with honesty and think how often youve judged roughly, said _1_ things, pushed yourself ahead at the expense of a friend. Then count the occasions when you indicated clearly and _2_ that you were sorry. A bit frightening, isnt it? Frightening because some deePwisdom in us knows that when even a small wrong has been committed, some mysterious moral feeling is _3_, and it stays out of balance until fault is acknowledged and _4_ is expressed.I remember a doctor friend, telling me about a man who came to him with a variety of signs: headaches, insomnia and stomach trouble. No _5_ cause could be found. Finally my friend said to the man, "Unless you tell me whats worrying you, I cant helPyou."After some hesitation, the man _6_ that, as executor of his fahers will, he had been cheating his brother, who lived abroad, of his _7_. Then and there the wise old doctor made the man write to his brother asking _8_ and enclosing a cheque as the first stePin restoring their good relation. He then went with him to mail box in the corridor. As the letter disappeared, the man burst into tears. "Thank you," He said, "I think Im _9_." And he was. A heartfelt apology can not only _10_ a damaged relationshiPbut also make it stronger. If you can think of someone who deserves an apology from you, someone you have wronged, or just neglected, do something about it right now.A)heal B)mental C)unkind D)regret E)accurately F)confessed G)inheritance H)physical I)cured J)treat K)truly L)unfaithful lM)forgiveness N)disturbed O)excuse Answers:1.选C2.选K3.选N4.选D5.选H6.选F7.选G8.选M9.选I10.选AMany a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always _1_ such people, but I also explain that theresa big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of _2_ and fame, notthe long hours alone at a typewriter. "Youve got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."The reality is that writing is a _3_, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there arethousands more whose longing is never _4_. When I left a 20-year career in the US. Coast Guard to become a freelancewriter(自由撰稿人), I had no _5_ at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didnt even matter that it was _6_and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and feltlike a _7_ writer.After a year or so, however, I still hadnt gotten a break and began to _8_ myself. It was so hard to sell a storythat _9_ made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasnt going to be one ofthose people who die wondering, what if? I would keeo putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with _10_and fear of failure. This is the Shadow land of hope, and anyone with a dream learn to live there.A) barely B) genuine C) rewarded D) doubt E) lonely F) poverty G) persuade H) prospects I)uncertainty J)impossibly K)encourage L)awarded M) alone N)wealth O)cold Answers:1.选K2.选N3.选E4.选C5.选H6.选O7.选B8.选D9.选A10.选IThe typical pre-industrial family not only had a good many children, but numerous other dependents as well-grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousions. Such "extended" families were suited for survival in slow paced _1_ societies. But such families are hard to _2_. They are immobile. Industrialism demanded masses of workers ready and able to move off the land in pursuit of jobs, and to move again whenever necessary. Thus the extended family _3_ shed its excess weight and the so-called "nuclear" family emerged-a stripped-down, portable family unit _4_ only of parents and a small set of children. This new style family, far more _5_ than the traditional extended family, became the standard model in all the industrial counties. Super-industrialism, however, the next stage of eco-technological development, _6_ even higher mobility. Thus we may expect many among the people of the future to carry the streamlinling process, a stePfurther by remaining children, cutting the family down to its more _7_ components, aman and a woman. Two people, perhaps with matched careers, will prove more efficient at navigating through education and social status, through job changes and geographic relocations, than teh ordinarily child-cluttered family.A _8_ may be the postponement of children, rather than childlessness. Men and women today are often torn in _9_ between a commitment to career and a commitment to children. In the future, many _10_ will sidestePthis problem by deferring the entire task of raising children until after retirement.A)transplant B)solution C)gadually D)transport E)elemental F)conflict G)continually H)mobile I)couples J)agricultural )including L)compromise M)requires N)primary O)consisting ANSWER: 1. 选J2. 选A 3. 选C4. 选O5. 选H6. 选M 7. 选E8.选l9.选F10.选IVideoconferencing is nothing more than a television set or PC monitor with a camera Through the videocenferencing, not only your voice but also your face, the surroundings and any other graphic and phisical _1_ can be captured and transmitted through the communication system with or without wires. Of course, when you go into the details, the technology involved is very _2_ and the subject matter littered with jargon. Such as ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or the _3_ behind bandwidth, latency and isochrony which are used to explain how videoconferencing works.Good people communication is _4_ in any busines