自学考试英语专题：英语语法考前冲刺4.doc

Chapter 1* build up a hierarchical structure. In grammatical terms, while a sentence is the largest unit, a word is the smallest.(p2)Extended hierarchy of grammatical units (p2)HigherLowerA text consists of one or more sentences A sentence consists of one or more clausesA clause consists of one or more phrasesA phrases consists of one or more wordsA word consists of one or more morphemesA morphemeWhat are the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix? (p25,4)A prefix is attached before a base; a suffix after a base.The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented, that is, it adds new meaning to a base. Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes.The simple verb phrase (without auxiliaries)The complex verb phrase (with auxiliaries)The finite verb phraseInfinitive (不定式)(to do)-ing participle-ed participle Verb Phrase(main verb / auxiliaries) 助动词The non-finite verb phraseP161. Nominal clauses (名词性从句)2. Relative clauses（关系从句）3. Adverbial clauses（状语从句）4. Non-finite nominal clauses 5. Non-finite relative clauses6. Non-finite adverbial clauses从句- subordinate clauses Subordinate clauses may function as :(Subordinate clauses may function as: nominal clause, relative clause, adverbial clause in the finite form or non-finite form) (p21)Simple sentence简单句Compound sentence / complex sentence并列句/复杂句Sentences (P22)Chapter 2Declaratives (陈述句)Interrogatives（疑问句）Imperatives（祈使句）Exclamatives（感叹句）Four major types of sentences: （简答题）p26Statement gives informationQuestion requires informationCommand requires actionsExclamation expresses impression of the speaker The four sentence types are associated with four discourse functions:（简答题）p26Fill in the blank with assertive words, non-assertive words, negative words (填空题)AssertionNon-assertionAssertive Words(肯定)Non-assertive Words（非肯定）Negative Words （否定）somesomeonesomebodysomethingsomewheresometime(s)one or the otherstill只用在肯定句alreadyas well, tooanyanyoneanybodyanythinganywhereevereitherany moreany longeryeteitherno / noneno onenobodynothingnowhereneverneitherno moreno longerP29 (选择题)l Is there any/some news for me? (考试时要选some)l Is anybody/somebody waiting for me? (考试时要选somebody)Negation intensifier 否定加强词（p32）1. She doesnt like him at all.2. Ill never, never talk to her again.3. Ive never in all my life seen such a swarm of ants.4. Not a single candidate managed to pass the test.5. you have no excuse whatever.6. These goods are by no means satisfactory.7. They dont care a bit.8. She was forced to marry the man she didnt love in the least.YES-NO questionsWH-questionsAlternative questions (选择问句)Tag questions（反义疑问句）Questions are divided into 4 major classes: (p37)Explain the difference between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone. (P51,8, p43)(1) A tag with a rising tone, the question expresses the speakers neutral expectation of the hearers response and invites the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement. It is a YES-NO question in function.(2) A tag question with a falling tone, the speaker asks for the hearers confirmation of the statement. It is like an exclamation. * Lets talk to the director, Shall we?* Let us talk to the director, will you?isnt he?arent they? (优选)* Everyone is here, P45They have to live on their own, dont they?John had to work harder, didnt he?We all had a wonderful time at the party, didnt we?You had your hair cut yesterday, didnt you?She has coffee with sugar, doesnt she?dont you?havent you?You have a lot of friends,mustnt she?isnt she? (优选)She must be over twenty,havent you?couldnt you?didnt you? (优选)You could have heard the news last night, That may be your lost care, cant it?oughtnt we?shouldnt we? (优选)We ought to leave now, 前面是否定词，后面要用肯定的 p46No one listed to him, did they?She seldom smiles, does she?You could rarely see him in the library, could you?He hardly ever shows up these days, does he?What-Exclamations (p49)以what开头的祈使句后可接名词复数和不可属名词，但以HOW开头的祈使句不行e.g. What strange people youre working with!What bad weather it was!Chapter 3Noun Phrase = (premodification) + head word + (postmodification) (p54)永远单数的名词：(p58)United States has ., United Nations has. * The Netherlands and the Philippines can be either singular or plural.永远后面跟复数的名词：(P60)Some collective nouns: cattle, clergy, gentry, people, police, vermin单复数同行：（p62）zero plurals deer, grouse, salmon, sheep, troutbarracks, corps, crossroads, gallows, headquarters, means, series, species, works, shambles(e.g. one/two species; one/two crossroads)a bar of candy/chocolate/gold/iron/soapa blade of grassa block of ice/seatsa cake of ice/soapa drop of blood/oil/rain wateran ear of barley/corn/millet/wheata flight of stairs/stepsa grain of salt/sanda loaf of breada lump of coal/earth/sugara staff of teachersa team of playersa troop of soldiersa troupe of actorsa brood of chickensa cluster of antsa flock of birds/sheepa herd of cattle/elephantsa litter of puppies/little pigsa pack of hounds/wolvesa shoal/school of fisha swarm of ants/bees/waspsa display of courage/fireworks/ powera fit of coughing/laughter/tempera flash of hope/light/lightninga peal of laughter/thunder/applausea ray of hope/light/sunshinea roll of thundera sheet of papera speck of dirt/inka slice of bacon/bread/meata stick of chalka strip of cloth/landa bunch of flowers/keysa bundle of sticks/strawa cluster of flowers/islandsa packet/pack of cigarettesa series of films/lecturesa tuft of feathers/grass/hairan army of beggars/soldiersa band of musiciansa batch of students/soldiersa bench of examiners/judgesa bevy of young ladiesa board of directorsa bunch of teenagers a choir of singersa congregation of prayersa crew of sailorsa crowd of peoplea gang of hooligans/rascals/thievesa group of childrena mob of demonstratorsa pack of thievesa party of guests Unit nouns (p65-70)词例P65表a gang of thievesa glass of watera grain of salta group of peoplea herd of cattle/elephants/deeran item of newsa litter of puppies/little pigsa loaf of breada lump of sugara mob of demonstratorsa pack of cigarettes/lies/wolvesa pair of glasses/shoes/trousersa party of guestsa peal of thundera piece of advicea ray of lighta roast of meata sack of eartha school of fisha sheet of papera shoal of fisha slice of bacona speck of inka staff of teachersa stick of chalk a trip of landa swarm of ants/bees/peoplea team of playersa troop of soldiersa troupe of actors/dancersa tuft of hair an army of soldiers/beggars/officialsan article of furniturean attack of fevera band of musiciansa bar of chocolatea batch of cakes/letters/recruitsa bench of judges/examinersa bevy of birds/ladiesa blade of grassa block of icea board of directorsa bottle of milka bowl of ricea brood of chickensa bucket of watera bunch of keys/rascalsa bundle of strawa burst of crya cake of soap a choir of singersa cluster of flowers/bees/spectators/ islandsa congregation of prayersa crew of sailorsa crowd of pupilsa cup of teaa cut of meata display of armsa drop of wateran ear of corna field of cattle/workmena flash of lightninga flight of stairsa flock of birds/sheepa fit of temperChapter 4Determiners and adjectives are different in many ways, what are they? (p74-75)1. Determiners precede before adjectives in premodification;2. The choice of determiners is decided by the head word3. Adjectives show the characteristics of head word, but determiners shows the identity and quantity.4. Adjectives can postmodify the head word, but not determiner 5. Adjectives have comparative forms, but not determiners P79 All V.S. Whole * All Newcastle was excited at the news.(优选)，指人The whole of Newcastle was excited at the news. 指地P80* Every 和each 后都用第三人称单数* Any、None 用于三者或三者以上， either、neither 用于两者之间。P83 (职位前不加冠词a、an) * He was elected chairman of the committee. * As president of the United States, Bill Clinton is younger than any of his predecessors.P86乐器前一定要加”the”，运动前不加”the”* play the piano/violin/guitar* play basketball/tennis/volleyball/footballP87at dawn in the afternoon at midnightat daybreak at sunsetat sunrise at duskin the morning in the eveningat noon at night 背：p93at arms lengthin ones minds eyeat ones wits enda pounds wortha stones throwat swords pointsa hairs breadtha birds eye viewList the types of Genitives (P90)1. possessive (e.g. Marys rose)2. of-phrase (e.g. the book of the class)3. double genitive (e.g. a friend of my sisters) * 读作apostrophe * 固定用法for goodness sakefor conscience sakefor Jesus sakeP96* a friend of the doctors (第一个名词前要泛指，第二个名词前要特指)* the friend of Bobs who was here last night (后面是定语从句的就可用the friend of )Chapter 5Explain the relationship between tense and aspect. P103Tense: refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are related to time. There are 2 tenses: the present tense and the past tense.Aspect: reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. There are 2 aspect forms: the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect. Tense points to temporal locations, and aspect marks the state of an action. progressive aspect (进行体)perfective aspect （完成体）present tense（现在时）past tense （过去时）AspectTense 虚拟语气（hypothetical） p109条件从句主句与现在事实相反过去式（be用were） Would (should, could, might) + 动词原形与过去事实相反had + 动词过去分词Would (should, could, might) + have + 动词过去分词与将来事实相反过去式 should + 动词原形 Were to + 动词原形Would (should, could, might) + 动词原形e.g. (P109)1. If you didnt love him, you wouldnt be so sad about the news.2. What would you do if you had a lot of money?3. He behaves as if he owned the company.4. I wish I had strength like yours.5. Id rather you didnt act so foolishly.6. Its time we had a break.7. If only the stopped this constant complaining.见到下面几个词的时候要用现在进行时：（p112）always, constantly, continually, continuously, forever, all the time + doing 以下句子也用进行时，表暂时（p114）1. Dont you know youre being a nuisance?2. That vase is sitting dangerously over the edge of the balcony.3. John is resembling his father more and more as he grows older.4. The soup is tasting worse.考原题：(p120)A: Hold it! Take off your dirty shoes before you come in. What have you been doing in the garden?B: Pulling weeds, Mum.A: Im sure shes been crying again.B: Yes, youre right. Her eyes are red.只要题干中的动词可延续，则一定优选have/has/had been doing, 而不选have/has/had done例句：(看到下列词的时候，可用现在完成时，p120) 1. I havent read the book yet.2. Have you read the book yet?3. The train has just arrived.4. Ive completed my work now.5. They have arrived there by now, Im sure.6. Have you seen her recently?7. Ive never seen her before.8. How many stamps have you collected so far?9. I havent heard from her up to now.10. Shes been to Britain three times.11. Weve been friends for a long time.12. She hasnt called since she left. * 见到just now 时要用过去式* since从句后不可跟否定句（p122） * 表示第几次时要用完成时（p122）e.g. 1. Its the first time I have been here.2. Itll be the first time I have been here.3. It was the first time I had been there.* by 可以加过去的 + have done, 也可以加将来的 + will have done.* 有by就要用have/has/had done. (p123)e.g. 1. By the end of the last term, they had competed all their course work.2. I had done all the work by the time I went to bed.3. Ill have done all the work by the time I go to bed.* It is time that + 动词过去式* It is high time that + 动词过去式是虚拟语气 (p134)e.g. Its high time you started to think about your chances of landing a good job after graduation.be going to (P127,例句中只能用be going to, 有背景用be going to，没背景用will/shall)e.g. 1. Look at the dark clouds. Its going to rain.2. I told you to come earlier. Youre going to have trouble.Will/Shall (p127),例句中只能用will/shalle.g. 1. The earth will explode in the distant future.2. There will be a day when all computers in the world break downWill/shall be doing sth (p130),表持续的事儿e.g. 1. Ill be waiting for you at the station when you arrive2. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?be about to do sth (p130)表正在这时，例句是不可替换的e.g. 1. I was about to leave when she came.2. He was about to tell the truth when they killed him.be to do sth (p131) 表未来的安排, 例句是不可替换的e.g. 1. You are to finish your homework before you can watch TV.2. You are to turn in your papers on Friday.3. The mayor is to visit our school tomorrow.Chapter 6P138 简答There are four categories with finite form: tense, aspect, voice, and mood;Two voice forms: the unmarked active voice, marked passive voice;Three mood forms: indicative, imperative, subjunctive tenseaspectunmarked active voice (主动语态)voicemarked passive voice (被动语态)finite (谓语动词)indicativeimperativesubjunctivemood例句：（p140-141）1. The children got punished.2. The play was written by Shakespeare.3. The book eventually got translated into Chinese.4. They got taught a lesson as a result.以下这些词不可用被动语态：(看看就行)elude, escape, fit, flee, get, have, lack, let, race, resemble下面这些词必须用被动语态：（看看就行）acclaim, allege, baffle, bear, condition, daze, deafen, deem, empower, fine, horrify, hospitalize, jail, overcome, paralyze, penalize, populate, prize, ration, reconcile, reunite, rumour, schedule, ship, shipwreck Please convert the following sentence to be ones with anticipatory it.（P144）改好后的句子：1. It is said that he managed to escape punishment because he had a good lawyer2. It was not announced when the president would deliver his resignation speech.3. It was decided to sell the remaining stock.* anticipatory 指先行词Not use in imaginative prose such as:1. novels;2. short stories;3. playsWhere does passive occur?(p145)1. expository or informative prose;2. newspaper reports;3. scientific writing;4. government