高考英语一轮复习_名词性从句讲解.doc

高中英语语法训练试题解析-名词性从句第一节 知识梳理主语从句主语从句的概述：主语从句在整个句子中作主语。主语从句的引导词：主语从句引导词分为三类，具体内容如下所示：连词That：不同于其它的连词，它不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。Eg. That price will go up is certain.That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.Whetherif 不能用在主语从句中，而是用whetherEg. Whether we go by train or by boat makes no difference.Whether hell come here isnt clear.连接代词What（ever）当what引导主语从句作主语时，指物，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数，下面这个句型例外。Eg. What we need is more time and money.What we need are many more books.Who（ever）/whom（ever）当who引导主语从句作主语时，指代某人。在从句中作主语不能省略。翻译是不能把它翻译成疑问句。Eg. Who will write the poem has not been decided yet.连接副词复合连接副词whevever, whenever, however, why引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们翻译成疑问句。WhereEg. Where to meet him is still not decided yet.WhenEg. When he will be back depends on the weather.WhyEg. Why he did it remains a mystery.HowEg. How the pyramids were built is still a mystery.表语从句表语从句的概述表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。表语从句的引导词：表语从句引导词分为三类，具体内容如下所示：连词ThatThat在表语从句中不做成分，没有词义，不能省略，但在口语中有时可省略。Eg. His suggestion is that we should stay calm.Whetherif不能引导表语从句，只能用whether 来引导Eg. The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Because, as, as if, as thoughEg.He looked just as he had looked ten years before. It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.Its just because he doesnt know her.连接代词What（ever）What在表语从句中作宾语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语气。Eg. The scissors are not what I need. 这不是我们需要的剪刀。Who（ever）Eg. The problem is who/whom we can get to replace her.问题是我们能让谁取代她。Which（ever）What I want to know is which road we should take.我想知道我们到底该走哪条路。连接副词WhereEg. This is where they once lived. 那就是他们曾经住过的地方。When Eg. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是他什么时候能到宾馆。Why Eg. The question is why he cried yesterday. 问题是为什么他昨天会哭。HowHow在表语从句中作状语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。Eg. The question is how the tiger got out of the cage.问题是老虎是怎么从笼子里出去的。宾语从句宾语从句的概述：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that （that 常可省略）,whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。具体内容如下所示:连词Thatthat引导表示陈述句的宾语从句。Eg. He told me （that ）he would go to college the next year. 他告诉我他明年上大学. Whetherif和whether，whether.or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。Eg.I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等，连接代词一般指疑问，但what, whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述.What（ever）The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. Who（ever）Eg. Do you know who has won Red Alert game. 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？Which（ever）Eg. Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?连接副词连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。WhereEg. None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.When Eg. He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。WhyEg. He didnt ask me why I turned her down. 他没有问我拒绝他的原因。HowEg. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel. 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗宾语从句的时态主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。可归纳为“主现从不限” 主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。可归纳为“主过从句过” 主句用过去时，从句是客观真理、客观常识、名人格言时用一般现在时。 Eg. The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮围着地球转.情态动词could/would用于，“请求”，表示委婉、客气的语气时，从句不受主句的约束。同位语从句同位语从句的概述同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,介宾从句）中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词（短语）的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词（短语）加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。同位语从句特点：名词作同位语-可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等（一般的“抽象”名词都可用。Mr Wang,my childs teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。 短语作同位语I, the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。 直接引语作同位语But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？” 句子作同位语The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。同位语从句的引导词英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that，whether，连接代词what，who。连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）同位语从句引导词分为三类，具体内容如下所示:连词that 引导同位语从句的that不能省略Eg. The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语）【注意1】在某些名词（如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等）后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。 He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。Whetherwhether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。Eg. The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。 连接代词连接代词有what, who, whom, whose。 Eg. I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语） 同位语从句The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主语）连接副词连接副词有when, where, how, why where Eg. We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。whenEg. We have no idea when she was born. 我不知道她什么时候出生的。why Eg. The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent. 老师不知道杰克为什么迟到HowEg. I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.他是如何回到家的，我没有任何印象，可能是骑自行车。 名词性从句共有四种：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。 高考重点要求：名词性从句中的语序问题名词性从句中的时态It作形式主语或形式宾语代替主语从句或宾语从句的用法从句中的语气宾语从句的否定转移从句引导词的正确选用第一节 知识梳理主语从句主语从句高考重难点突破：It 作形式主语的用法主语从句常用it作形式主语:常用句式：It is 名词that从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 it is 形容词that从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 it 不及物动词that从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 it is过去分词that从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较一般常用句型为：It is名词/形容词/过去分词主语从句：Eg.It is still a question whether she will come or not. It is strange that you should like him. It is still unknown which team will win the match.另外，还有一些比较多见的结构： It turned out that； It has been proved that; It happened/occurred that； It is well-known that等等而强调句则不同，它的结构是：Itbe被强调部分that从句 强调主语：It is the times that produce their heroes.时势造英雄 强调宾语：It is English that Prof.Lin teaches us. 强调状语：It was in shanghai that I saw the film. 判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看，看有没有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分，带到你认为缺成分的地方，如果放进去是一句完整的句子了，那就说明是强调句。主语从句的时态主语从句通常被看作一个整体,主句的谓语动词用单数形式. That they will come is certain.由who, whoever引导的主语从句的单复数要视从句中的单复数而定.Whoever say that are to be punished.Who are going there have been decided.What 引导主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单复数决定.What he wants are these books.What he wants is some water.What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语；而that 则不然。Eg. What you said yesterday is right.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况a）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 b）It is said , （reported） 结构中的主语从句不可提前。It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. c）It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?表语从句表语从句高考重难点突破表语从句引导词辨析if/whether（是否）用法辨析if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether 来引导。表语从句时态不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 （）: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. （）: The question is why he cried yesterday.表语从句常用句型辨析a）“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样， 例如： That is （the reason） why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 b）“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由，“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果。Eg.He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因） He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果）宾语从句宾语从句高考中难点突破时态：当主句为过去式，从句的时态用法从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 Eg. I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书，可不知道是哪个国家. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<<老人与海>>. 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 Eg. He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary. 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 Eg. The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.否定转移：主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. Eg. I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he. 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，是不是 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. Eg. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是不省略引导词that的情况。当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时；当宾语从句较长时；当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；当主语谓语动词（包括非谓语动词）与宾语从句之间有插入语时；当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略；当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时；当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.宾语从句种类动词的宾语从句大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句, 部分“动词副词”结构也可以带宾语从句, 此外，动词短语也可以带宾语从句，常见的动词短语有make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记等：Eg. Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 当你在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. Eg. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it ,这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to. Eg. I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. 若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替 Eg. We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的.介词的宾语从句用whether之类的介词宾语从句： Eg. We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.用that, if引导的介词宾语从句, 有时候except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 Eg. I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有： sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised等。Eg. I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. Eg. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. Eg. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.宾语从句的特点宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。 宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。 连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。 whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。 如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it. 同位语从句1. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：Eg. We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。（news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句）We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。（that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句）引导词的不同what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。引导词的功能上的不同that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。被修饰词语的区别同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。（同位语从句）Ill never forget the days when I lived there.我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。（定语从句）（from www.yygrammar.com）We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。（同位语从句 ）The reason why he didnt come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。（定语从句）同位语从句特殊形式间隔同位语从句 同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。 Eg. A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday 简析：由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了间隔同位语从句 suggestion, request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。 Eg. She made a request that the doctor （should）be sent for at once. 她请求立即请医生来。 简析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“（should）动词原形”的形式，其中should一词可省略。 短语及固定句式后的同位语从句 Eg. I will come on condition that John is invited.如果约翰也被邀请的话，我就来。 简析：短语On condition, on supposition, on the ground（s）, on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the assumption及句式There BE no doubt （hope, chance, possibility）后的that从句为同位语从句。 名词性从句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。一 、引导名词性从句的关联词 Athat 连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。 I hear (that) he has joined the football club. 我听说他已经加入了足球俱乐部。 That light travels in straight line is known to all. 众所周知，光是以直线传播的。 It so happens that I know the man. 碰巧我认识那个。 Is it certain that they will win 他们一定会赢吗 Bwhether和if 连词whether和if本身有意义（解释是否），在从句中不可省略。 1whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。 I didnt know whether he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否参加音乐会。（宾语从 句，可用if代替whether） The question is whether it s worth trying. 问题是值不值得试一试。（表语从句，不可用if代替whether） Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来都没有关系。（主语从句，不可用if代替whether） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。（同位语从句，不可用if代替whether） 2whether引导的宾语从句可作介的宾语，而if则不能。 It all depends on whether they will support us. 这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。(不用if) Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. 瑞恩担心是否伤害了她的感情。 3if既可引导语从句，也可引导宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。 Please let me know if you want to join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（if引导的从句可被看成是宾语从句，if表示是否） Please let me know if you want to join us. 如果你想加入我们的话，请告诉我一声。（if引导的从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果） Please let me know whether you want t join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（为避免引起歧义，可用whether表示是否） Cwho, whom, whose, what, which 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 No one knows who he was waiting for. 没人知道他当时在等谁。 We are worrying about what we sho