天津大学研究生2011级期末英语考试题.doc

. . . . ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSTIANJIN UNIVERSITYJan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual and collective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, _ family life, relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstatesC. underlinesD. overcomes2. A man of original power can never be _ within the limits of a single field of interest and activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confined3. As a result of technological convergence and progress in digitization, the laboratories of computer technology and consumer electronics firms are _ in the race for innovation and sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbing4. The degree in which a man _ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind and spirit is the measure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression. A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishes5. In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of a high-skilled, high-waged economy by _ the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB. overthrowingC. decreasingD. upgrading6. No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions the resulting environmental deterioration is going to make life _more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularly7. Digital television will enable users to access awide range of new services, such as pay-per-view TV,the downloading of video games or software, orchannels _ in sports or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consisting8. Earthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of high seismic risk are dominated by buildings that are simply not built well enough to _the severe ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guaranteeD. inspect9. By giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and _ rich communication and collaboration across vast distances, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulating10. While more and more women are _ roles as managers, a new study reveals that these women are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more 'male' traits, such as aggression, to get results.A. definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpreting11. The potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, and youth violence _, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among the general public and policy makers.A. on averageB. on purposeC. in particularD. in advance12. A new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from online pirates but also ensures that the quality for _users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorizedB. temporaryC. maliciousD. legitimate13. There is relatively little _of opinion and scholarship about whether generational differences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.A. permissionB. minorityC. absenceD. consensus14. Young peoples worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a _on the sort of education and training that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stake15. Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer their own work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use of their _ in the global market economy.A. expectationsB. blundersC. competenciesD. defects16. No generation is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than todays young people“digital natives, who have grown up in a/n _computing environment.A. immersiveB. emergentC. hostileD. rural17. Whereas university research and development departments may once have been the primary arena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the _in adopting new innovations.A. rightB. edgeC. controlD. license18. Access to technology in school is particularly important _ increasing disparities in technology access outside of school.A. in tune withB. in line withC. in need ofD. in light of19. Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of the gifted and talented, offers _which can sometimes cut right across anyones cultural assumptions.A. perspectivesB. prosecutionsC. obligations D. objections20. Obesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon _smoking in the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguishB. modifyC. imitateD. surpassPART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions:In this part of the test, youll read an incomplete passage with15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a _21_. Unless youre in senior management, you may be limited _22_ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortunately, these arent the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or _23_ the most important. Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often _24_ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees will understand that wage increases do have their limits, _25_ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the _26_ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective. It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance _27_. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. _28_ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who _29_ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more _30_ to stay in a job when they agree with the companys goals and values.Another major _31_ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Studies show _32_ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for _ 33_ in their work, having a variety of tasks to _34_, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to _35_ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company.21.A. blessingB.handicapC. challengeD. failure22A. in favor ofB. in terms ofC. on behalf of D. on top of23.A. necessarilyB. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24.A. to rankB. being ranked25.C. rankedA. thereforeC. otherwiseD. ranksB. unlessD. but26.A. topB. bottomC.lowD. peak27.A. drivingB. driven28.C. countingA. In addition toC. With regard toD. countedB. Regardless of D. For the sake of29.A. specialize inB. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30.A. subjectB. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31.A. advantageB. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32.A. thatB. howC. whenD. whether33A. authorshipB. automationC. autonomyD. authority34.A.adoptB. undergoC. performD. supply35.A. depart fromC. interfere inB. confine toD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1 It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they dont admit it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? Its yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Heres your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all.Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money wont make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they dont objectively need.First, though, let's look at the three reasons money doesnt make us happy:Its relative income thats important. As Ive noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we dont mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as were earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money were likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison. Material goods dont make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. Peoples desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. Theres even evidence that materialism make us less happy. People dont shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of the focusing illusion. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work. These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with peoples everyday experience. Surely if money doesnt lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesn't make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the focusing illusion we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesnt. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is.That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36.Whatdo social scientists find about money and happiness? A. Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness. B. Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C. More money does not necessarily make people happy. D. Money counts most in peoples feeling of happiness. 37.According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most? A. The scientific findings fail to explain peoples obsession with pursuing money and happiness.B. Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people stillparadoxicallycrave for earning more.C. Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findingsas to the importance of money.D. Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens peoples desire to make money.38.According to the passage, people _. A. care a lot about their actual level of income B. are convinced that people around them earn higher incomeC. compare their income with that of higher earners D. feel contented when they earn more than others 39.Material goods dont make us happy because _. A. we need something permanent to feel happyB. we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC. people in pursuit of moneyare despised in societyD. the more money we have, the more we desire 40.If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money?A. Because money and wealth gratify peoples vanity. B. Because money is the only way to measure peoples achievement.C. Because people use money to showoff their success and social status.D. Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments. Passage 2As Wal-Mart grew into the worlds largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and donts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for. “Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance with purpose. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw(人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corpo