学位英语复习资料：语法--三.doc

状语从句【考试重点】1. 时间状语从句2. 让步状语从句一、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词和词组主要有when, whenever（不论什么时候）, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, once（一旦，曾经）, every time（每次）, each time（每次）, hardlywhen（一就）, scarcelywhen（一就）, no soonerthan（一就）, as soon as, the instant（一就）, the moment（一就）, the minute（一就）, the second（一就）. 1. when, while, as 1）从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when 或while。As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。2）When有时候可以用作并列连词，表示“就在那时”。【例1】I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _ I heard voices. A. as B. when C. afterD. while 【例2】I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave _ something occurred which attracted my attention. A. unless B. until C. when D. while 3）while也可以用作并列连词，相当于whereas（然而）。You like sports while Id like to read. 你喜欢体育，而我喜欢读书。4）while有时也可以引起一个让步状语从句，等于although。While he likes his daughter, he is strict with her. 尽管他很喜欢自己的女儿，但对她要求非常严格。2. until和till 1）这两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. 她直到6点才到。 2）Notuntil的变形（1）Not until放在句首，主句用倒装【例句】Not until most of the people had left the airport _ his sister was there. A. that he sawB. had he seen C. did he see D. that he had seen （2）not until还可用于强调结构It is not until . that 中。It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.直到开始工作，我才认识到我浪费了多少时间。3. 表示 “一就”的结构 1）as soon as，hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan都可以表示“一就”的意思。例如 “我一到家就开始下雨。”可以有下列表达方式：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 2）词组the moment/the minute/the instant/the second也可以引导时间状语从句表示“一就”。The enemy plane was shot down the moment it entered our space. 敌机一进入我们的领空就被我们击落了。在名词短语做连词引导时间状语从句时，要与名词构成的其它短语相区别。如： 【例句】You see the lightening _ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. A. the instant B. for an instant C. on the instant D. in an instant 4. before1）before作为连词时的基本意义是“在之前”，用于表示时间或顺序。如：Turn the light off before you sleep. 睡前先把灯熄掉。Think before you speak. 说话之前，应先想清楚。2）before的特殊用法（1）before表示“（过了很长时间）才”（强调从句动作发生得晚或慢）【例句】They sailed along the Pacific Ocean for two weeks_they arrived home.A. since B. when C. beforeD. after（2）before用于it was / will be时间before . 句型中【例句】It wont be long _ you regret what you have done.A. afterB. before C. sinceD. until二、地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导。【例句】Put it _we can see it. A. whichB. where C. whenD. there注意：地点状语从句的固定句型：“Where+地点从句，（there）+主句”。此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”。主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。【例句】_ the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.A. Where B. Which C. Who D. Whatever三、原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的引导词主要有because，as，since（既然），now （that） （既然），seeing （that） （既然），considering （that）（考虑到，因为），in that（因为）等。【例1】_ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.A. For B. Since C. Before D. While 【例2】_ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A. For B. Now C. Since D. Despite 【例3】Rubber differs from plastics _ it is produced naturally and not in the lab.A. at that B. in that C. for that D. with that四、条件状语从句连接词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that（条件是），providing/provided （that）, in case（假如）, given that（假定，如果考虑到）, only if（只要就）, if only（但愿，只要就好了）等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。provided （that）表示唯一的条件，相当于if and only if，on condition that，意思是“只要”。 【例句】You will be late _ you leave immediately. A. unless B. untilC. if D. or五、让步状语从句引导让步状语的引导词主要有though, although, even if（though）（即使）, as（尽管）, while（尽管）, whetheror（不管.还是）, what/which/when/how/who+ever（不论什么、哪个、何时、怎样、谁）, no matter+what/which/when/how/who（不论什么、哪个、何时、怎样、谁）, for all （that） （尽管）, in spite of the fact that（尽管）, despite the fact that（不管）1）though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是though 和yet可连用。Although its raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。Its raining, but they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。2）as引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前，可提至句首的有名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。如： Child as he is, he behaves like a grown-up. Fail as he did, he was not disappointed at all. 【例句】_, he felt tired out after the long journey for eight hours. A. Strong as he is B. The stronger he isC. Strong man that he is D. For he is strong3）even if, even though “即使”【例句】_ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering.A. Even if B. If only C. Instead of D. Despite of4）whetheror不管都。例如：Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。5）“no matter +疑问词”或“疑问词+后缀ever”引导让步状语从句，意思是“不管”。 no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however【例句】_, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is注意：“no matter疑问词”不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句）（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given.（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。六、方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, （just） asso, as if, as though引导。1）as, （just） asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如”，“就像”，多用于正式文体。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛似的"，"好像似的"。例如：They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）七、目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that（以便）, so that（以便）, in order that（以便）, lest（以防）, for fear that（以防）, in case（以防）等词引导。【例1】I was advised to arrange for insurance _ I needed medical treatment. A. nevertheless B. although C. in case D. so that【例2】The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure 八、结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由sothat 或 suchthat引导。sothat与suchthat之间可以转换。The boy is so young that he cant go to school. 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。He is such a young boy that he cant go to school. 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。1）注意区分so和such用法上的区别。如： so nice a boy that =such a nice boy that so beautiful/diligent/carefully that such （fine weather/great improvement） that 2）so that引导结果状语从句Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time. 注意：so that 与其它短语的区别【例句】I took no notice of him, _ he flew into a rage. A. for that B. so that C. in that D. but that 3）so much so that 该结构用于形容词或副词之后，表示“到如此程度以致于”。如： He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk. I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night. 九、状语从句的省略现象在某些状语从句中，如果其主语与主句的主语一致，谓语是系表结构，这时从句的主语和系动词均可以省略。例如：He is an honest man although （he is） very poor. 他虽然穷，但很诚实。Whether （she is） sick or well, she is always cheerful. 无论生病还是健康，他总是很快乐。【例】Once _ of the necessity of a move, he worked hard to find a new home.A. convinced B. be convincedB. convincing D. having convinced名词性从句【考试重点】1. 宾语从句2. 主语从句3. 表语从句4. 同位语从句一、宾语从句在复合句中，起宾语作用的句子称为宾语从句。宾语从句可以由下列从属连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。从属连词：that, whether疑问词演变来的连接词：what, who, whom, which, when, where, how, why关系代词型的连接词：what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever1. 由that引导的宾语从句that本身无意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文体中常可以省略。that引导的宾语从句作动词的宾语、形容词的宾语、少数介词（in, except, but）的宾语。1）大多数动词后面都能够接that引导的宾语从句。注意：动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。【例句】We consider _ the instrument be adjusted each time it is used. A. that it necessary B. it necessary that C. necessary that D. necessary of it that2）介词后面通常不接that引导的宾语从句，但in, but, expect等少数几个介词除外，并已形成固定搭配，即in that（在于，因为），but that （要不是，只是），expect that （除了）。【例1】The boy has performed excellently _ he was a bit nervous. A. in that B. except that C. for that D. except for 【例2】A solid is different from a liquid _the solid has its definite shape. A. in thatB. in which C. in whatD. because of which同时要注意以下语法现象：有些词组是带介词的动词短语，如depend on, see to等，不能直接接that引导的宾语从句。需在that从句前加it，相当于the fact。【例句】You may depend on _ he will not repeat his mistakes. A. it thatB. that C. him that D. which that3）接that宾语从句的还有形容词。如afraid, aware, pleased, proud, sorry, sure, satisfied等。在口语中，afraid, sorry, sure后的that宾语从句，that常省略。【例句】Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year. 2. 由 if / whether引导的宾语从句当whether引导的宾语从句作动词、形容词的宾语时，可与if互换。但whether引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，不可用if替换。另外，在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether。【例1】I dont know if / whether he still lives here after so many years.【例2】He doesnt say in his letter whether hes going to be back or not.3. 疑问词演变来的连接词：what, who, whom, which, when, where, how, why。在引导宾语从句时，他们保留了疑问词的含义。【例句1】I want to know what you were doing last night.【例句2】I dont know when he comes back. 4. 关系代词型的连接词：what（的）, whatever（不论什么）, whoever（不论谁），whomever（不论谁）, whichever（不论哪一个）等引导的宾语从句。【例1】He failed to live up to _ had been expected of him.A. whatB. which C. thatD. all【例2】These wild flowers are so special that I would do _ I can to save them.A. whateverB. that C. which D. whichever【例3】Give the books to _ needs them for the English class and the writing class. A. whomeverB. whom C. who D. whoever【例4】The old gentleman never fails to help _ is in need of his help. A. whom B. who C. whoeverD. whomever5. 宾语从句使用陈述语序在宾语从句中要使用陈述句的语序，即主语谓语结构。【例句】How long do you think _ to finish this urgent task?A. did it take you B. it will take you C. will it take youD. it to take you6. 宾语从句的时态要和主句相呼应（1）如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态可不受约束；（2）如果主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，其宾语从句的谓语动词一般也须用过去范畴中的某种时态 （如过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时），但如果宾语从句说的是客观真理，它的谓语动词仍须用一般现在时。【例句】Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun.【例题】When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she _ two days before.A. has left B. was leaving C. would leaveD. had left二、主语从句在复合句中，起主语作用的句子称为主语从句。主语从句可以由下列从属连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。从属连词：that, whether疑问词演变来的连接词：what, who, whom, which, when, where, how, why关系代词型的连接词：what，whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。【例句】 How he was successful is still a puzzle. 1. 连接词的选用1）that和what的选用that和what均可引导主语从句。what是一个连接代词，有时相当于the thing（s） which，其汉语意思应理解为“所的，所的事情或（东西）”。除起连接作用外，还在主语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；而that是一个从属连词，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。【例1】_ you dont know the rule wont be a sufficient excuse for your failure.A. It isB.That C. BecauseD. What【例2】After the fire, _ would otherwise be a cultural center is now reduced to a pile of ashes. A. that B. it C. whichD. what2）if 和whether 的选用引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。whether表示“是否”，可以与or或or not连用，构成whetheror或whetheror not的固定搭配，分别表示“无论或”；“无论与否”。【例题】_ was unimportant. A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or notB. No matter how he enjoyed our dinnerC. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner3）疑问词演变来的连接词：what, who, whom, which, when, where, how, why【例1】Who will speak at the meeting has not been decided yet. 【例2】Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 【例3】Why he didnt come to class yesterday is still a puzzle.4）关系代词型的连接词：what，whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever，它们在主语从句中不含疑问意义。引导主语从句时，可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that，意为“无论什么”；whoever = anyone who，意为“无论谁”。【例题】_ he says or does wont make me change my mind at all. A. Whatever B. However C. WhichD. How2. it构成的主语从句1）由连词 that引导的主语从句，在多数情况下放到句子的后面，而用代词it作形式主语。【例句】It is well known that the Earth moves around the Sun. 2）常见的用it作形式主语的主语从句的结构（1）Itbe名词that-从句It is a pity that 遗憾的是It is no wonder that 不足为奇【例句】It is a pity that I missed the concert last week.（2）Itbe形容词that-从句It is important that 重要的是It is obvious that很显然It is likely that 有可能It is essential that 必要的是注意：这类主语从句中，当形容词为necessary, important, essential等时，谓语动词多为 “（should）动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。 （3）It不及物动词that-分句It appears （seems） that似乎It happens that 碰巧It turned out 结果It follows that 由此可见It occurred to me that我突然想起【例题】It suddenly _ to me that we could use a computer to do the job. A. happenedB. occurred C. agreedD. presented（4）Itbe动词的过去分词that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is estimated that 据估计It is known to all that众所周知It has been decided that已决定【例句】It is known to all that the Earth goes round the Sun.三、表语从句在复合句中，位于系动词后面作表语的从句称为表语从句。常接表语从句的连系动词有be, become, look, remain, seem, appear, remain等。【例句】It was because he didnt pass the exam.表语从句的引导词和宾语从句以及主语从句完全相同。四、同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句通常跟在某些名词的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。这些名词常见的有fact, news, thought, idea, hope, report, opinion, order, question, belief, doubt, evidence, decision, proposal, suggestion, plan, conclusion, promise等。同位语从句常用从属连词that和whether引导。that只起连接作用，无具体词义，不在从句中充当任何成分。whether意为“是否”。此外，连接代词 who, which, what和连接副词 when, where, how, why等也可以引导同位语从句。连接代词和连接副词在从句中作相应的成分。【例1】The fact came up _ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A. what B. which C. that D. whose【例2】The news has spread all over the country _ the spaceship succeeded in returning to the earth.A. whatB. that C. ifD. otherwise定语从句【考试重点】1. 关系代词引导的定语从句2. 关系副词引导的定语从句3. 非限制性定语从句一、定语从句在复合句中作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词均具有下列三重语法功能：1. 引导作用：引出定语从句，连接先行词（被定语从句修饰的名词或代词）的作用。2. 替代作用：在定语从句中，指代从句所修饰的先行词。3. 在定语从句中充当某个成分的作用：关系代词在从句中可担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分；关系副词在从句中充当状语。二、关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as。它们一方面代替定语从句修饰的名词或代词，即先行词，另一方面又在从句中担任主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分。1.关系代词的基本用法1）that和which的用法 物which主语In real world we can learn a lot which cannot be learned from books.which（可省略）宾语Its the kind of story （which） we think of as myth. 人或物that主语He is a man that means what he says.that（可省略）宾语The letter （that） I received yesterday is from my aunt.that