英语语言学大全精选PPT.ppt
关于英语语言学大全关于英语语言学大全第1页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三nI语言学导论 nII语言学主要分支学科 nIII语言学的流派和理论 第2页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三I 语语言言学学导导论论 1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围)第3页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication第4页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三1.design feature of language 语语言言定定义义特特征征 n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）n2)Duality(二层性)n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)n4)Displacement（移位性）n5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)第5页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n1）Arbitrariness(任意性):n定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.n举例：n书,book,livren喜欢，like，aimerLOREM IPSUM DOLOR第6页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn2）Duality（二层性）:n定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.n举例：Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discourses第7页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:n定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsdualityn举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/-carporparkn举例2：England,defeated,FrancenEnglanddefeatedFrance.nFrancedefeatedEngland.第8页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n n4）Displacement（替代性）:n n定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.第9页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:n定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.n反例：印度狼孩LOREM IPSUM DOLOR第10页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三3.Design feature 定定义义特特征征n1)Arbitrariness（任意性）n2)Duality(二层性)n3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)n4)Displacement（移位性）n5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)n如何记忆:五性，创意遗传第11页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsn(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)n1)descriptive&prescriptiven2)synchronic&diachronicn3)langue&parolen4)competence&performance第12页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（规定性）nDescriptive:describinghowthingsare.nprescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobe第13页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Important Distinctions in Linguisticsn举例：nDontsayX.nPeopledontsayX.nThefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.第14页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）nsynchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.ndiachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.第15页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn举例：n研究1800年的英语发音 nSynchronicstudies(共时性研究)n研究1800-1900的法语语法变化nDiachronicstudies(历时研究)第16页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三2.世世界界语语言言分分类类第17页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三2.世世界界语语言言分分类类第18页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三第19页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）nTheorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticsnlangue:abstractlinguisticsystemnparole:actualrealizationoflangue Important Distinctions in Linguistics 第20页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Important Distinctions in Linguisticsn举例：n汉语系统nlanguen每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语nparole第21页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三ImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsn4)Competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言运用）ntheorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)ncompetence:usersknowledgenofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.nperformance:theactualnrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.第22页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学的研究范围)n1）按研究内容来分n2）按研究导向来分第23页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分第24页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分第25页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三第26页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究导导向向分分第27页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分第28页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分第29页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn考点:n1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别n2.语音学重要概念:清音和浊音n3.音系学重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征第30页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPhoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.nPhonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.n区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）第31页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn举例:ntoo和 tea中的/t/n发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究第32页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n nPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.第33页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三语语音音学学分分类类narticulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speakersproductionnacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmissionsmediumnauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiversreception第34页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n n如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:n n联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsn nphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强n nn ngeology,sociology,astrologyn nphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强第35页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Speechorgans How speech sounds are made第36页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三第37页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Position of the vocal folds(声带声带):voicing(浊音浊音)and voiceless(清音清音)第38页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnVoiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstructionn清音举例：p,s,tnVoicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibratesn浊音:b,z,d第39页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREMIPSUMDOLORnThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.nAsthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.第40页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn音系学定义：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.n音系学重要概念:nphone音子，nphoneme音位(音系研究的基本单位)nsupra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征第41页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPhone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphonesn举例:ntoo和 tea中的/t/n发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部n发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部n所以too和 tea中的/t/两个不同的音子第42页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORPhoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.举例：tea和 sea,/t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morpheme第43页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第44页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)第45页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第46页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?nA.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第47页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Suprasegmental features(超超音音段段特特征征)n nSuprasegmental features:phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.n nThe principal suprasegmentals are:第48页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：nstress（重音）n举例:perfect(adj)和 perfect(v)ntone(声调)/pitch(音高):n定义:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.n举例:m妈,m麻,m马，m骂n比较：英语单词，如me第49页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREMIPSUMDOLORnintonation（语调）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.举例:第50页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三 Morphology 形形态态学学n1.学科定义n2.语素的定义和分类n3.词的分类（classificationofwords）第51页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三形形态态学学研研究究的的基基本本单单位位 n1.morpheme(语素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.n举例：nballnfootballnballs第52页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三第53页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三 Types of MorphemesnFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:nFreemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.nBoundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.第54页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Types of Bound Morpheme nInflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)nDerivationalmorpheme（派生语素）=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀）:changethelexicalmeaning第55页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三ndis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorpheme第56页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三nlight+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorpheme第57页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnDerivationalmorpheme(改变词义):n改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-n改变词性：en-,-full,-mentnInflectionalmorpheme（改变语法含义）:n改变名称的性，数，格：-ess,-s,n改变动词的时,态，体:-ing,-ed,n改变形容词的级：-er,-est第58页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三词词的的分分类类-按按构构词词法法分分第59页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn如何区分派生词（derivationalword）和 合成词(compoundword):拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。nBusinessman:business+mannPlayboy:play+boynMouthful:mouth+fulnLighten:light+en第60页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三词词的的分分类类-按按词词义义分分第61页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三词词的的分分类类-按按开开放放性性分分第62页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三词词的的分分类类-按按在在句句子子重重要要性性分分第63页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三第64页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n考点n1.定义n2.句法范畴n3.句子类型 Syntax 句法句法第65页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn1.Syntax定义：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation第66页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnCategory(范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用的一类语言单位)nSyntacticalcategory(句法范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.（在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）第67页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Syntactical category(句句法法范范畴畴)n nWord-lexicalcategoryn nPhrase-phrasalcategoryn nClause-clausalcategoryn nSentence第68页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Lexical Category 词词法法范范畴畴=Parts of Speech 词词类类第69页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三第70页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n nphrasen nspecifierheadcomplementn nacarfivemetersawayn n第71页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三72Sentence Types(句句子子类类型型)simple Sentence complexnon-simple compound第72页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn4.句子分类：nSimplesentence简单句nCoordinatesentence并列句nComplexsentence复杂句第73页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnsimplesentence简单句n定义：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.第74页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn练习：JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.n(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)第75页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORncoordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.n例句:nItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.第76页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnYouhavetodoitonewayortheother.nSimplesentencenTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.nCoordinatesentence第77页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORncomplexsentencen定义：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(从属连词)suchasif,when,because,althoug.第78页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnAsheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.nHeis growingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.n如何区分并列和复杂句-看连词表示的关系n并列，选择和转折关系-并列句n时间，条件，原因和让步关系-复杂句第79页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Semanticsn考点：n1.定义：studyofmeaningn2.两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义n3.五种词语语义关系第80页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n nLudwig Wittgenstein:The meaning of a word is its use in the language.n nMeaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.n nReference（指称）（指称）（指称）（指称）:how language refers to the real physical world(语言指代外部物质世语言指代外部物质世界界)n nSense（涵义）（涵义）:inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.(语言形式语言形式的内在意义的内在意义)第81页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三 conceptsymbolizes refers tosymbol referent(word)stands for (object)第82页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三 第83页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Synonymy 同同义义nSynonymy同义:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.第84页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三同同义义分分类类举举例例ndialecticalsynonym地域同义词：n举例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentnstylisticsynonym风格同义词：n举例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringncollocationalsynonym搭配同义词：n举例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukefornSemanticallydifferentsynonym语义稍有不同的同义词:n举例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebuke第85页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Antonymy 反反义义nAntonymy反义:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.nAntonymy反义关系分类：ngradableantonymy等级反义ncomplementaryantonymy互补反义nconverseantonymy反向反义第86页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Gradable antonymy等等级级反反义义nyoung-middle-aged-oldnbig-middle-sized-smallngood-average-bad第87页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三 Complementary antonymy互补互补反义反义n nalive:deadn nmale:femalen npresent:absentn ninnocent:guiltyn nodd:evenn npass:failn nboy:girln nhit:miss第88页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三 Converse antonymy反向反义反向反义 n nbuy:selln nlend:borrown ngive:receiven nparent:childn nhusband:wifen nteacher:studentn nabove:belown nbefore:aftern nhost:guestn nemployer:employee第89页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三 Hyponymy 上上下下义义关关系系nHyponymy上下义:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.nSuperordinate/hypernym上义词:themoregeneraltermnHyponym下义词:themorespecificterm第90页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn举例:nhypernym上义词:animalnHyponym下义词:bird,fish,tiger,catn如何记忆:nhyper-向上 hype炒作nhypo-向下 hypothesis假设第91页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Animalbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant .第92页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Polysemy 一一词词多多义义nPolysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.n举例:nFish:n1.鱼n2.鱼肉n3.水生动物n4.捕鱼n5.寻找第93页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnHomonymy同音/同形异义词:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.nIdenticalinsound:homophones同音词nIdenticalinspelling:homograph同形词nIdenticalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形词第94页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnhomophones同音词：n举例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacenhomograph同形词n举例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)ncompletehomonyms同音同形词:fast(adj)andfast(n)第95页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORn如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:beauty,fish,ball,scalenbeauty:美丽；美女nfish:鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找nball:球；舞会nscale:规模；鱼鳞看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一词多义，没有就是同音同形词第96页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Pragmatics 语语用用学学 n考点:n定义和与语义学的区别：studyofmeaningincontextorinusen言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为）n会话原则 第97页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三2.SpeechActTheorynJohnAustin(1911-1960)nHowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)nMainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwords第98页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三n nConstatives(叙事句叙事句)vs.performatives（施为（施为句）句）n nConstatives（叙事句）（叙事句）:utterances which roughly serves to state a fact,report that something is the case,or describe what something is,eg:n nI go to the park every Sunday.I go to the park every Sunday.n nI teach English.I teach English.第99页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三LOREM IPSUM DOLORnPerformatives（施为句）:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.nPerformativeverbs:name,bet,etc.第100页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三Three Speech Acts(三三种种言言语语行行为为)nAlocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.nAnillocutionaryact（言外行为）:anactofexpressionspeakersintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.nAperlocutionaryact（言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.第101页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三三三种种话话语语行行为为-举举例例n老师对学生说:Youhaveleftthedooropen.nLocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“left”,“the”,“door”,“open”nIllocutinaryact(言外行为):theactofexpressingtheteachersintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.nPerlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutterance:studentgoestoclosethedoor第102页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三103IllocutionaryActTheoryn美国哲学家JohnSearle(约翰-塞尔，1932-)n在Austin理论基础上把言外行为进一步分为5类：n陈述（assertives），指示(directives)，承诺(commissives)，表达(expressives)，宣告（declaratives）第103页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三ConversationalImplicature（会话含义理论）Theorist：英国语言学家HerbertPaulGrice(格莱斯，1913-1988)MainIdea:Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.第104页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三The Cooperative Principle(CP，合合作作原原则则)nMaximofQuality（数量准则）nMaximofQuantity（质量准则）nMaximofRelation（关系准则）nMaximofManner（方式准则）第105页，讲稿共146张，创作于星期三The Cooperative Principle(CP，合合作作原原则则)nMaximofQuality（数量准则）nDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.nDonotsaysomething
