1980—2016年历年考研英语真题及答案.doc

19802016年历年考研英语真题集含答案目 录2016年全国硕士研究生考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,_1_thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan_2_alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungmansparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,_7_bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand_8_prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonythebridesandgroomswrists,and10acandlearoundacircleofhappilyinwiththewifesparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear,13theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto14,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachsprouseretains16propertyheorshe17intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19up:Thedivorcedmaledoesnthaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1.Abywayof Bonbehalfof Caswellas Dwithregardto2.Aadaptto Bprovidefor Ccompetewith Ddecideon3.Aclose Brenew Carrange Dpostpone4.AAbove all BIntheory CIntime DForexample5.AAlthough BLest CAfter DUnless6.Ainto Bwithin Cfrom Dthrough7.Asince Bbut Cor Dso8.Acopy Btest Crecite Dcreate9.Afolding Bpiling Cwrapping Dtying10.Apassing Blighting Chiding Dserving11.Ameeting Bcollection Cassociation Dunion12.Agrow Bpart Cdeal Dlive13.Awhereas Buntil Cif Dfor14.Aobtain Bfollow Cchallenge Davoid15.Aisolated Bpersuaded Cviewed Dexposed16.Awhatever Bhowever Cwhenever Dwherever17.Achanged Bbrought Cshaped Dpushed18.Awithdrawn Binvested Cdonated Ddivided19.Abreaks Bwarms Cshows Dclears20.Aso Bwhile Conce DinthatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunaways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrancesactions,Denmarksfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.”ThechartersmaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?ANewrunwayswouldbeconstructed.BPhysicalbeautywouldberedefined.CWebsitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.DThefashionindustrywoulddecline.22.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto .Aheighteningthevalueof.Bindicatingthestateof.Closingfaithin.Ddoingharmto.23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?ANewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.BTheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.CModelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.DItsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor .Apursuingperfectphysicalconditions.Bcaringtoomuchaboutmodelscharacter.Cshowinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.Dsettingahighagethresholdformodels.25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?AAChallengetotheFashionIndustrysBodyIdealsBADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFranceCJustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeautyDTheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText 2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hillspressureslaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydontmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservativesplanningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEuropesmostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.ThereisnodoubtofthealternativethecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.26.Britainspublicsentimentaboutthecountryside .AdidntstarttilltheShakespeareanage.BhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.Cisfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.Disnotwellreflectedinpolitics.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing_.Agraduallydestroyed.Beffectivelyreinforced.Clargelyovershadowed.Dproperlyprotected.28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?ALabourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.BTheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”building.CTheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.DUkipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsbornespreference_.Ahighlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.Bshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.Cstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.Drevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationof_.AthesizeofpopulationinBritain.BthepoliticallifeintodaysBritain.CtheenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.Dthetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.Text 3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”ButevenifyouacceptFiedmanspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholdersmoney,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompaniesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsisAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm,Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompanysproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompanysproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesishelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmericasForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompanysproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirmspoliticalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseentoinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,"saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasthavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwin Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseentoinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,"saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasthavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwin themalesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedmansstatementaboutCSRwith .AtoleranceBskepticismCuncertaintyDapproval32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompany .Alwinningtrustfromconsumers.Bguardingitagainstmalpractices.Cprotectingitfrombeingdefamed.Draisingthequalityofitsproducts.33.Theexpression"morelenient"(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto .Almoreeffective.