高三英语基础知识必备专题二介词.doc

介词一、介词的用法1.单个介词的意义aboard搭乘（飞机、列车、轮船等）about关于；向各处；在附近above在之上；在上游；超过程度across横过；越过；在对面；与交叉after在之后；追赶；仿照against与相反；与对抗；与逆向；倚靠； 以 为背景；为防备along沿着；循着among在中间；在内部；被所环绕； 之中的一个around环绕；在周围；在四处；绕过；将近as当作；作为；充当at在；从；在时；在状态before在之前；比早；比先behind在之后；落后于below在之下；在的下游；低于beneath在之下beside在旁边；在附近besides除了之外；除却between在之间beyond在的那一边；超越but除了之外；除外by在旁边；经由；在之前；被；用；靠；以计despite不管；尽管down向下；往下；沿着during在期间；在之间except除之外for为了；往；由于；赞成；与交换from从；自从；出自；因为in在之中；在时候；在之后；在状态下；在方面；穿着；戴着inside在里面；在内into进入内；往里；变为like像minus减去near在近旁；接近of是的；之中的；由制成的；有性质的off从离开；从脱落on/upon在之上；关于；在旁边；在时onto到之上opposite在的对面outside在的外面over在上面；覆盖于上；越过；在期间；支配past经过；超过per每；每一plus加；加上round绕一周；绕行于四周since自从；从以来through通过；穿过；经过；遍及；整个throughout遍及于；整个期间；从头到尾till/until直到；到为止to向；到；面向towards朝方向；走向；对于under在之下；未满；受管辖；正在之中up往上；登上with与一起；有的；用；因；随着within在以内；在范围内without没有；无；不做；若无2.复合介词的意义 according to根据along with随同一起；除了之外apart/aside from除之外as a result of因为；由于as a consequence of因为because of因为；由于on account of因为due to由于；因为owing to由于；因为thanks to由于；幸亏as for/to至于；关于；就而言as with至于；与一样but for要不是的话by means of以方式；借着except for除之外in addition to加之；除了之外in case of万一；在有情形时in/by comparison with与相较；较之in contrast to与相比contrary to违反；与相对for fear of以免；以防in spite of虽然；尽管instead of代替；而不out of出于；因为regardless of不顾；不管with/as regard to关于in terms of用字眼；用措词；从观点；从的角度as opposed to与相对；而不是3.表状态的介词短语at work在工作at play在玩耍at war在交战at lunch在吃午饭at table在吃饭at rest在休息in use在使用中in store贮藏着；准备着in shape身体良好的；健康的in place适当的；在适当位置的in order井井有条的；有序的in need穷困的；贫穷的in debt欠债的；欠人情的in danger处于危险中的；有危险的in peace平安的；安心的on duty在值班on show/exhibition在展览中on fire着火的；燃烧着的；兴奋的on strike在罢工on sale在出售；廉价出售on holiday在度假on leave在休假中under discussion在讨论中under construction在建设中under arrest被捕；被拘留的under repair在维修中；在修复中under investigation在调查中under way在进行中，在举行4.介词短语的意义 at the age of 5;at age 5;at 5在5岁时 at ones service随时为某人服务；听凭某人的吩咐 at (the) sight of当看到时 at first sight乍一看；初看起来 at a loss茫然；不知所措 at all costs不惜一切代价 at the cost of以为代价 at any rate无论如何；至少 at hand在手边；在附近 at the mercy of任凭摆布 at the expense of以为代价；由付费 by the age of 5；by age 5到5岁时 by means of用；依靠 by all means当然可以；尽一切办法；务必 by no means决不；并没有 by way of经由；通过方法 by and by不久；迟早 by chance/accident偶然；碰巧 by mistake错误地；无意地 by far最；得多 by hand用手；用体力 for sale出售的；待售的 for free免费地 for nothing免费的；白费地 for ever/good永远；永久地 for the sake of为了；为了的利益 in advance预先；事先 in between介于两者之间 in brief简单地说 in detail详细地 in general-般来说；大体上 in line with与一致 in particular特别；尤其 in relation to关于；涉及 in return作为报答；作为回报 in return for作为对报答 in the way挡道 in turn依次；轮流；转而 in vain徒劳；白费力 on a large/small scale大小规模地 on (an/the) average平均；通常 on behalf of代表 on business因公 on hand在场；在手边 on purpose故意地 on second thoughts经重新考虑 on the go忙碌 on the point of即将的时刻 out of date过时的 out of order出故障的 out of place不适当的 out of practice久不练习；荒疏 out of sight看不见；在视野外 out of touch不联系；不接触 above all首先；尤其是 after all毕竟；究竟 ahead of time提前 far from远非；远离 once in a while偶尔 to the point切中要害；切题 up to date最新式的，紧跟时代潮流的 up to多达；取决于5. 介词短语的意义辨析 at a time-次；同时；连续地 at one time曾经；一次；同时 at the same time同时；但是 at times有时；偶尔 at no time从不；决不 in time及时；迟早；合拍子 on time准时；按时 in no time立即；一下子 from time to time偶尔 for the time being暂时 for a moment片刻；一会儿 for the moment目前；暂时 at the moment此刻；正当那时 in a moment马上；一会儿后 at the beginning of在之初；在开头 in the beginning最初；起初 at the end of在末；在结束时 in the end最后 on one's own独自；靠自己 of one's own自己的；特有的 (all) by oneself (alone; without help) 独自一人；单独地；独自地 to oneself (not shared with anyone)独享的；独自拥有的；只给自己 for oneself亲自 of oneself自动地 in oneself本身 in words用语言；用言语 in word口头上 in a/one word总而言之；一言以蔽之 with words用语言 with these/the words说完后 in other words换句话说 with pleasure(口语)当然了；很愿意；愿意为您效劳 for pleasure为了玩；为了取乐6.介词的特殊意义 1above有“超出（某种能力）”之意。 His bravery to save the child from drowning is abovepraise.他拯救溺水小孩的勇气非言辞所能赞扬。 This book is far/well above me. 这本书的内容太深，我看不懂。 2against有“违背，违逆，反对，对不利，倚靠，碰撞，预防，衬托”之意。 She was forced to marry against her will. 她被迫违背自己的心愿嫁了人。 We were rowing against the current. 我们划船逆流而上。 Are you for or against the death penalty? 你赞成还是反对死刑？ The evidence is against him. 证据对他不利。 Put the piano there, against the wall. 把钢琴放在那儿，紧靠着墙。 They took precautions against fire. 他们采取了防火措施。 Her red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. 她的红衣服在白雪中格外显眼。 3among有“在其中，是之一”之意。 A British woman was among the survivors. 幸存者中有一位英国妇女。 He was among the last to leave. 他是最后离开者之一。 4at可表示“年龄、速度、比率、价格”。 She came up to Beijing at eighteen. 她在18岁时来到北京。 The train was traveling at 100 kilometres an hour. 那火车以时速100公里行驶。 The noise came at two-minute intervals. 每两分钟传来一次吵闹声。 I bought these shirts at 30 dollars each. 我以每件30美元的价格买下了这些衬衫。 5beyond可表示“范围、限度”，意为“超出，为所不及就。 He is such a naughty boy and is beyond my control. 他是个顽皮的孩子，我实在无法管教。 This problem is far beyond my ability. 这个问题远超过我的能力之外。 常用短语：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/one's power/one's reach无法用语言形容、无法用语言描述、想象不出来、不相信、管不了、够不着。 6by表“时间”时，意为“在之前，不迟于”，多与过去完成时或将来完成时连用。 I have to go back by ten o'clock我十点前得回去。 Will you please finish the work by Friday? 请你星期五之前完成这项工作，好吗？ The train had left by the time we got to the station. 我们到达车站时，火车已离开。 By the time the letter reaches you l will have left the country到你收到这封信的时候，我已离开这个国家。 by可表示“方式、手段”，意为“借、靠”，后接动名词。 What do you mean by saying that? 你那话是什么意思？ He taught himself to play the violin by practising all night.他通过整夜训练自学拉小提琴。 by可表示“程度或增减的幅度”。 She is taller than me by three centimeters. 她比我高三公分。 We defeated the visiting team by 3 goals. 我们以三球的优势战胜了客队。 The population of this town increased by five percent last year.去年，这个城镇的人口增加了5%。 The bullet missed him by two inches. 子弹差一点点打中他。 House prices went up by 10. 房价上涨了10%。 by可表“单位”，意为“按；以计；依据”，此时，by之后表单位的名词通常加the。 I am paid by the hour我是按小时拿工资的。 Is this cloth sold by the metre?这种布是按米出售的吗？ 7despite意为“不管，尽管”，后接名词短语或名词性从句。 They had a wonderful holiday,despite the bad weather. 尽管天气不好，但他们仍过了一个愉快的假期。 Despite what others say,I think hes a very nice guy. 不管别人说什么，我认为他是个好孩子。 8for可表示价值交换，意为“以金额”。 I bought this set of coffee cups for$20. for有“就而言；从来看”之意。 It is quite warm for February. 就二月的天气而言，这算是相当暖和的了。 She looks young for her age. 就她的年龄而言，她显得很年轻。 He is quite tall for his age. 从他的年龄来看，他个子已是很高了。 for all意为“虽然；尽管”，相当于in spite of。 For all his efforts, he still came last. 尽管他很努力，还是落了个最后一名。 She still loves him for all that. 尽管如此，她还是爱他。 9off有“在离不远处；在沿海的海里”之意。 They lived in a little house off Harbour Street. 他们住在离哈伯大街不远处的一个小房子里。 My house is off the main road.我家离大路不远。 The ship sank a mile off that island. 那艘船在离这个小岛一英里的地方沉没了。 10. on/upon有“刚就；一就”之意，后接名词或动名词。 They gave him a warm welcome on his arrival. 他一到达，就受到他们的热烈欢迎。 On arriving at the airport, he was arrested by the police. 他一到达飞机场就被警察逮捕了。 Upon his return from Europe, he set to work in earnest. 从欧洲刚回来，他就立刻着手工作。 Upon hearing from you,I shall let her know. 收到你的来信，我就会立刻告诉她。 11. over可表示“时间”，意为“在“期间；直到结束”。 Over the next few days they got to know the town well. 在以后几天中，他们逐渐熟悉了这个小镇。 She has been ill in bed over the past week. 在过去的这个星期里，她一直卧病在床。 We stayed in New York over Christmas. 我们在纽约一直待到过了圣诞节。 over有“一边，一边”之意。 We discussed it over a bottle of wine. 我们一边喝酒一边讨论这件事。 We had a chat over lunch 我们一边吃饭一边交谈。 -over有“覆于之上；蒙在之上；遮住”之意。 She put a blanket over the sleeping child. 她给熟睡的孩子盖上毯子。 He put his hand over his mouth when he yawned. 他打哈欠时用手遮住嘴巴。 -over有“越过；跨过”之意。 The horse jumped over the fence. 那匹马跃过了栅栏。 over有“俯视；俯瞰”之意。 They had a wonderful view over the park. 他们把公园的美景尽收眼底。 The doctor bent over the patient in bed, asking if he was feeling any better 医生弯腰俯视着病床上的病人，问他是否感觉好点儿了。 12within可表示“范围、程度”。 Medicine should not be left within reach of small children. 药品不可留在幼儿伸手可及的范围内。 They finally came within sight of the shore. 他们终于来到看得见海岸的地方。 It wasn't within my power to help her. 帮助她并非我力所能及之事。 13. given可作介词，意为“考虑到”。 Given the circumstances,you've coped well. 考虑到各种情况，你已经算是处理得很好了。 Given that there was so little time,I think they've done a good job.考虑到没有多少时间，我认为他们算是做得不错了。7. 介词的意义辨析 1across/opposite在对面 across指在街道、河流等的对面或指田野、房间、大厅等的另一边、另一头。opposite指在某人或某建筑物的对面，表示与之相对。 There is a bank right across the street.街对面就有一家银行。 I saw Jack across the room.我看到杰克在房间的那一头。 I sat opposite him during the meal.席间我坐在他的对面。 The bank is opposite the supermarket.银行在超市的正对面。 2across/through穿过 across指从某一平面上横穿过去到达另一端，也可指从某物上面跨越过去。through多指贯穿或穿透某物而过去，也可指从树林、建筑群、人群、城市、洞穴等之中穿过去。当表示消息被传播开时，用across或throughout。 Where is the nearest bridge across the river?过河最近的桥在哪儿？ He walked across the field他走过田野。 The news spread across the city.此消息传遍了全城。 The burglar went in through the window. 盗贼是从窗户进来的。 The bullet went straight through him.子弹从他身上穿了过去。 The path led through the trees to the river.这条小路穿过树林通向河边。 The doctor pushed his way through the crowd.医生挤过人群。 3. like/as像，和一样 like作“像”解时是介词，后跟名词或代词，而as作“像”解时是连词，后跟从句或介词短语。另外，as作介词时意为“作为，担任，如同”，多与动词搭配构成短语。 He has blue eyes like me.他和我一样有一对蓝眼睛。 She enjoys all kinds of music,as I do. 她和我一样什么音乐都喜欢。 Repeat these five steps, as in the last exercise.照前面的练习一样，重复这五个步骤。 1 spoke to him like a father.我像位父亲般地与他讲话。 I spoke to him as a father.我以父亲的身份与他讲话。 4from/since(表示时间)从起，从以来 from后接一点时间时，与一般现在时、一般过去时或一般将来时态连用。since后接一点时间时，则通常用于现在完成时态。 We work from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一工作到星期五。 I'll be in my office from nine o'clock.我9点以后会在办公室。 He was blind from birth.他天生失明。 I have been in this business since 1980.自1980年以来，我一直在从事这个工作。 I haven't written home since Christmas. 自圣诞节以来，我还未给家里写过信。 5after/in（表示时间）在之后 after后接一段时间时，和一般过去时态连用；后接一点时间时，可与一般将来时态连用。in后只接一段时间，要与一般将来时态连用。 The lost child was found after two days. 两天后，那个丢失的孩子找到了。 I'll go and pick up my daughter from school after 5 0'clock. 五点后我要到学校接女儿。 I'll call back in 5 minutes.我5分钟后回电话。 I'll come back in a week.一星期后我就回来。 He came back after a week.他一周后回来了。 6until/by(表示时间)到时 until后接一点时间时，在肯定句中，句子的谓语动词必须是持续性动词，否则就要用否定句，通常与一般现在时、一般过去时或一般将来时态连用。而by后接一点时间时，谓语动词须是瞬时动词，可与一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时态连用，但多与过去完成时或将来完成时连用。 We are open until 6 0'clock.我们营业到6点。 He didn't come back until3 0'clock. 直到3点他才回来。 I will wait here until 10 0'clock tomorrow. 我会在这儿等到明天10点。 She arrived by Christmas. 她是圣诞节前来到的。 I have to go back by ten o'clock. 我10点之前得回去。 Will you please finish the work by Friday? 请你星期五之前把这项工作做完好吗？ 1 will have retired by the year 2015. 到2015年我就退休了。 He had learned 3 languages by the age of 16. 到16岁时，他已学会三门语言。8.介词与名词的辨析 (an/the) approach to sth. 通往的路，学习的方法 (one's) attitude to/toward.（某人）对待的态度 have belief in信仰，信赖 have advantage over.对有优势 make contributions to.对做出贡献 congratulations on.对的祝贺 have a gift for.，对有天赋，在方面有才能 on that occasion在那种场合 in/under such circumstances 在这种情况下，情形既然如此 in that case既然那样，假若那样的话 with one's help/support/permission/guidance 在某人的帮助支持允许指导下 under on&s leadership在某人的领导下 out of one's reach手不能及 within one，s reach伸手可及 be in contact/touch with与有联系 by chance/accident偶然地，意外地 by mistake错误地（因粗心、遗忘所致）9.介词与形容词的辨析 be absent from缺席，不在场 be active in积极参与 be accessible to sb对某人来说是可接近的、可亲的、可用的 be cross with sb生某人的气，恼怒某人 be adequate to/for sth适合的 be afraid of害怕，担忧 be allergic to对过敏，讨厌 be angry with sbat/for sth.因某事而生某人的气 be anxious about/for为感到担忧 be ashamed of对感到羞愧 be available to对是可用的 be available for sth.有空做某事 be aware of意识到 be bored with对感到厌烦 be busy with忙于 be careful of对小心，当心，警惕 be cautious of/about对小心谨慎 be certain of/about对“：确信，肯定 be confident of对有信心，有把握 be considerate of/to sb.为某人着想，为某人考虑周到 be content with对感到满意 be convenient to/for sb.对某人是方便的 be crazy about热衷于，对着迷 be curious about对感到好奇 be different from与不同 be eager for渴望，对热心 be enthusiastic about对热情 be equal to等于，与相等 be familiar with熟悉，通晓 be familiar to为所熟知的 be famous for因而出名 be famous as作为而出名 be far from远离；一点也不 be fond of喜爱 be free from/of不受的伤害，不受的影响 be full of充满 be guilty of对有罪责 be happy with对感到满意 be junior to比年龄小，较地位低 be late for迟到 be loyal to对忠诚，忠于 be mistaken about.误会 be optimistic about对乐观 be patient with sb对某人有耐心，容忍某人 be particular about对挑剔 be popular with受的欢迎或喜爱 be present at出席，在场 be proud of为感到自豪 be punctual for sth.准时做某事 be reliable on依赖，依靠 be rich in盛产 be senior to较年长，（级别，权力等）较高 be sensitive to易受的影响，对敏感 be serious about对认真 be short of不够，缺乏 be sick of厌倦，腻烦 be similar to与相似 be strict with对严格 be strict in在方面要求严厉 be suitable for对适合，适宜于 be sure of/about对有把握 be suspicious of有疑心，怀疑 be tired of对厌烦 be tired with因而感到疲劳 be true to忠实于，符合 be worried about为担心 be worthy of值得【精彩一问】September 30 is the day_which you must pay your bill.A. by B. for C. with D. in【答案】A【解析】by可表示“方式、手段”，意为“借、靠”，后接动名词。What do you mean by saying that? 你那话是什么意思？by可表示“程度或增减的幅度”。The bullet missed him by two inches.子弹差一点点打中他。by可表“单位”，意为“按；以计；依据”，此时，b