山西省永济市涑北中学高三英语复习 2013年高考备考阅读理解解题技巧文档.doc

山西省永济市涑北中学高三英语复习：2013年高考备考阅读理解解题技巧文档导入语： 得阅读者得天下阅读可以改变人生的宽度，阅读是培养语感的最佳途径。阅读是英语考试的重头戏，阅读水平取决于我们掌握的词汇量。内容 一、2012高考阅读题分析二、阅读能力的培养三、备考建议一、2012高考阅读题分析（一）篇章特点1.长度适当 A B C D2012 223 289 288 3022011 309 238 284 2482.难度不大（几乎没有生词，内容简单） 生词一个: wax 标注词6个：signings 签名 film-studio 影棚contrast 对比3. 体裁不变 2012 应用文、说明文、记叙文、议论文 2011 记叙文、应用文、记叙文、应用文 2010 应用文、记叙文、说明文、记叙文（二）、题型特点各种题型分配 细节题 56、57、59、62、64、65、69；主旨题63、67；猜词题58、61；推断题59、66；态度题70；行文逻辑68.2012阅读理解文章的内容A. 可带孩子去领略课本以外的知识且刺激的地方。B一种奇特的鸟，人们在它的帮助下找到了隐藏在树丛中的蜂蜜。C.当群众演员的经历和电影拍摄的过程。D.发生在我们身上的一种现象：一种知识技能，一旦我们掌握且练习熟练，即便好长时间不再练习，我们依然能记住。二、 阅读能力的培养阅读理解 背景知识（话题） 语言知识 语境知识（上下文(一)、背景知识的重要性 文化背景知识是阅读素质的重要基础, 在阅读过程中，读者不是被动获取阅读材料中的信息，而是运用已经具备的背景知识，根据上下文去预测和理解意思。 背景知识的扩大。可以通过阅读各种形式的英语文章、观看外国电影、上网浏览等渠道来了解外国文化，扩大背景知识。多阅读，多交流，多听，多看。 （二）、语言知识1语篇结构：描写结构 、叙事结构 、说明结构 、议论结构 。1）记叙文（抓事件）（ 谁、什么、时间、地点、如何、结果）2）议论文（抓观点） 论点、论据、结论3）说明文（抓要点）说明的对象（物体、道理） 说明的方式：从时间、空间、用途、 方法、步骤等不同侧面。 2. 语篇的词汇、语法和句型的知识 词汇的重要性：我们在阅读过程中，首先要通过阅读文字符号获取信息，初步建构意义，因此，对词汇意义的理解，直接影响信息获取的质量，也就是说，对词汇意义的理解的完整性或丰富性决定了阅读的有效性。例如：语篇词汇 (2012阅读B) The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax in the beehives. The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees' nest. （bee honey honey guide wax beehives nest bee-keeper）2012阅读C）About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio（影棚） to take part in a crowd-scene. The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby. The next scene was a complete contrast. The way it was filmed was quite unusual. （三）语境的重要性例如：69.What does the sentence “When someone does something well, applaud! You will make two people happy.” mean? A When someone does something well, you can clap your hands, so both of you will be happy.C. When someone does something well, just show your respect and be grateful, and everyone will be happy. At that instant, watching those credits meant more than just looking out of names of cast or song titles and the following quote from Samuel Goldwyn had a new meaning for me. “When someone does something well, applaud! You will make two people happy.”Even if I was not applauding as I watch those movie credits, at least I was taking time to acknowledge and pay my respects to all those hard-working people both in front and behind the camera.（四）文章中的长难句： 长难句增加了我们在阅读中的回视次数，严重影响了阅读速度。 长难句分为：1. 带有较多成份的简单句；2. 含有多个简单句的并列句；3. 含有多个从句的复合句。例如；1）Once it has their attention, (从句)it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person （修饰成份）as it leads them to the nest. (从句)2）The multiplication tables (乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. (两个定语从句，一个同位语从句，一个状语从句) 长句的特点：从句多，修饰语多。难句是难以理解的句子，并不一定是长句。掌握长难句的原则：1.合理切分句子（按照意群划分句子）2.辨认修饰成份（邻近修饰）3.逻辑聚合（按照逻辑意义合并松散的结构 或补全省略的成份）合理切分句子：例如Animals ability to act reasonably is believed to come partly from what we may call “genetic learning”, which is different from the individual learning that an animal does in the course of its own lifetime邻近修饰:例如：A recent survey made by a group of scientists who are from a number of famous university shows that 20% of the college students whose families are in the countryside cant pay for their schooling, which is comparatively high.三、备考建议（一）、打好语言知识基础 词汇、语法、句型（二）、掌握阅读技巧1细节题细节题是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题、语义转化题、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。 属于浅层理解题,难度较低,答案明确具体,我们一般可以从阅读材料中直接找到。做题技巧：做这类题一般采用寻读法， 在文中找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。注意运用文题顺序一致原则，注意表达方式的改变。例如：(2012D) 69.According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is_.A. a result of overlearning B. a special case of crammingC. a skill to deal with math problems D. a basic step towards advanced studies The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.（同一内容用不同的方式表达）(2012 C) About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio（影棚）to take part in a crowd-scene. Although our “act” would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.64. Who is the author?A. A cameraman B. A film director C. A crowd-scene actor D. A workman for scene setting细节题答案的特点：1)、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换， 换成意义相近的词，使题目信息与原文相关信息在表达上产生差异。 2)、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3)、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4)、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项 干扰选项的特点：1)、将原文内容扩大或缩小。如把often 换成always，或把seldom换成never, some换成every等， 使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2)、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3)、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4)、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5)、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。2.推理判断题常见的提问方式有：1）From the last paragraph we can infer that _.2) The author implies that _.3) The author suggests that we should_.4) Which of the following can be interred from the passage?5) It can be inferred from the passage that_.推理判断题要求我们根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。除了要熟练地掌握基本的语言知识，准确理解句子的字面意思外，还要准确地理解文段的隐含信息，这就要求我们运用自己已有的知、经验，结合文段的相关的信息进行推理、判断。现在答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。换句话说：原文的某句话变个说法就是答案。 做推理题的建议： 1.想象力不要太丰富,要根据文章提供的 信息进行判断。 2.判断不要偏离主题,要与中心保持一致。例如;59. Where does this text probably come from?A. A science textbook. B. A tourist map. C. A museum guide. D. A news report. Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of these places: Visit art museums. . Head to a natural history museum. . Go to a Youtheater. . Try hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museums (2012D) 66. What would happen in the “three minutes” mentioned, in the last paragraph?A. A new scene would be filmed. B. More stars would act in the film.C. The author would leave the studio. D. The next scene would be prepared.Since it was our turn next, we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us. For a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film ”Stars”!3.主旨要义题常见的提问方式有：1) The best title of the passage could be _.2) The passage is mainly about_.3) The article is written to explain _.4) Whats the main idea/the topic of the passage?5) Whats can be the best title for the text?6) What conclusion could be drawn from the passage?7) From the passage we learn that _. 解题策略：重点看首段，也许是第一句话，也许是最后一句话.看每段的第一句话。窜起来找出中心意思。 举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。不能用例子中的话来回答问题。而要清楚例子说明了什么问题？ 在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。(2012 B篇)63. What can be the best title for the text?A. Wild Bees B. Wax and Honey C. Beekeeping in Africa D. Honey-Lover's Helper Honey from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper - a little bird called a honey guide.（引出主题）主旨题错误选项的特征：1.局部信息代替整体中心意思2.题目内容范围过宽大于文章的内 容。3.无中生有4. 猜词1）利用词语的互相联系猜测词义The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks .They go from island to island in these light narrow boats and collect turtles eggs.Jogging has become very popular in some countries ，It is believed to be a good exercise for old people.2）利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city ，you might have witnessed a strange sight. You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback ，saying something.In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid ，and the summers hot and dry.3）利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义Such experiences are not unusual for the amateur conchologists，people who collect shells.Jack is now a florist，who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.4）利用文章中对词的举例及解释猜测词义Today young couples who are just starting their households of ten spend lots of their money on appliances，for instance，washing machines ，refrigerators and color TVs.Finally the enemy surrendered .They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.例如(2012阅读A) What does “hands-on science” mean in the last paragraph?A. Science games designed by kids. B. Learning science by doing things.C. A show of kids science work. D. Reading science booksTry hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museum around the country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike. Theyll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting. When everyone is tired, enjoy a fun family science show, commonly found in these museums.5）利用构词法知识(前缀和后缀)猜测词义 They overestimate the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questions.四、了解高考阅读理解题的特点1.细节占有较大比例，直接信息少，多数是间接信息。2.考查我们透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，深层理解。 3.答案多是对文章内容进行了一定的处理。如：同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。 错误答案的特征：无中生有、 正反混淆、 所答非所问、 过分绝对 扩大范围、 因果倒置、 常识判断、 推得过远 、偏离中心 做阅读题应注意：1.认真审读问题及选项之间的意思的差别；2.做完一篇文章，应再综合地看一下你的选择，因为他们是综合联系的，有时对文章的认识也发生在做题的过程中，保证你的选择之间并不矛盾；3.选择与所提问的内容针对性强的选项作为正确答案。4.你的知识和常识可以帮你接受或排除一些选项。温馨提示：如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中是否提到； 如果一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正确答考前建议：1.进行限时阅读训练一 平时应进行一定量的限时阅读训练，以增强心理适应能力，养成语篇阅读而非单句阅读的习惯。 2.鼓励课外阅读习惯 英语水平的提高，需要一定的积累。建议大家在考前每天有意识的阅读二三篇文章，熟悉不同体裁的文章的思路，提高阅读速度，掌握一定的做题技巧。 结束语 学英语不可投机，但可取巧。题要做，但更重要的是要“悟”。- 6 -