2016高考英语备考策略独立主格结构的讲解与训练.doc

独立主格结构的讲解与训练独立主格结构知识要点 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生语法关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 1. 非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：  Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.     有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着逻辑主谓关系）  = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.  He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.  他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）  = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.  The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.  由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）  = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.（1） 不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。动词不定式用主动的形式。在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：  His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.  他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）  will you go to the concert tonight   你今晚去听音乐会吗？  sorry. So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.  对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。   （Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't afford any time.）  The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.  我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。  （The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）  Many trees,flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.  种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)（2）-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。例如：  Being ill, he went home.   由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）   Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.  在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）  1）表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”。例如：  Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.   每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)  The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.  每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）  2）表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” 例如：  The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）  Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）  必背：  含有being的独立主格结构。例如：  It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。  = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.  There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。  = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.  3）表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” 例如：  Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)  My health allowing, I will work far into the night.  我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）  4） 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” 例如：  The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.  学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）  The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.    男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky） （3）-ed分词形式“独立主格结构”  与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。例如：  The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.  该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。  = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.  The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.  由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。  = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.  He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.   他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。  = He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.  The task completed,he had two months' leave.  任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.）  比较：  动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。  The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。 （事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）  The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。 （事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）  The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）  The food cooked, the boy went to bed.  饭做好了，小孩去睡了。 （两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）2. “逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构  在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。例如：  The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.  音乐老师站在门口，手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）3.  with, without 引导的独立主格结构介词with /without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。   （1） with+名词代词+形容词。例如：  He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open.   他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.  He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.   他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.  注意：  在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。例如：  With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.  由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。  With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.  父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。  （2）with+名词代词+副词  Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.   所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。  = Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.  The boy was walking, with his father ahead.   父亲在前，小孩在后走着。  = The boy was walking and his father was ahead.  （3）with+名词代词+介词短语。例如：  He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或  He stood at the door, computer in hand.  他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。   = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.  Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或  Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.  文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。  = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.  （4）with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式。例如：  With his homework done, Peter went out to play.    作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。  = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.  With the signal given, the train started.  信号发出了，火车开始起动了。   = After the signal was given, the train started.    I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.  工作还没完成，我不敢回家。  = I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.  （5）with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式。例如：  The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.  有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。  = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.  The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.  小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。  = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.  Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。  = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.  （6）with+名词代词+动词不定式。例如：   The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.   有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。  = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.  The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.   有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。  The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.因为有很多名胜可以参观，那个男孩感到很兴奋。  提示：  在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。  Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.  她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）疑难突破 独立主格结构的句法功能： 独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。  1. 作状语  独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。  （1）表示时间  Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。  （= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）  All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。  （= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）  With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.   所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。  （After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）  （2）表示原因  With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.   有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。  （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）  There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.   由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。  (= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)  （3）表示条件  Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.  如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。  （= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）  All the work done, you can have a rest.   所有工作做好后，你可以休息。  （=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）  Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。  （= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）  提示：   表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。  【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.  【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。  【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.  【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。  （4）表示伴随情况或补充说明   The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.   那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。  （= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）  The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.  杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。  （=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）  Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。  （Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）  2. 作定语  独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。例如：  He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语，修饰the student)  他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。  = He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.  You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)  你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。   = You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.  He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.   他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。 (without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road )   = He was walking along the road that didnt have any street lights on its both sides.  提示：  在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。例如：  If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.  如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）  If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.  如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）即学即练1. _ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.   A. Seeing   B. To see   C. See   D. Seen2.I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _.    A. to be breathed   B. to breathe  C. breathing    D. being breathed3.-Did the book give the information you needed?   -Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book.  A. to find   B. find   C. to be finding  D. finding4.Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it . A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused5._ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given 6.The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced 7.The children all turned_the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at8. Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ?A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take直击高考1.（2014·江苏卷29）His lecture¬¬_, a lively question-and-answer session followed. A. being given B. having given C. to be given D. having been given2.（2013· 湖北卷23）Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some a life span of around 20 years. A. having B had C. have D. to have3.（2013·陕西卷28）The human body consists of organs, each _a definite job to do. A. have B. to have C. has D. having4（2013·山西卷25）As is known to all, Montreal is the second largest French-speaking city in the world, _ AParis is the largest BParis the largest CParis to be the largest DParis be the largest45.（2012·全国新课标28）The party will be held in the garden, weather_.A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. Permit 独立主格结构 即学即练1.A。非谓语动词see构成的短语与句子的主语I即其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,用在句首,中间与句子用逗号分开，表示伴随情况,用作伴随状语,因此用现在分词。2.B。在主系表结构中,当表语形容词为good, light, heavy, difficult等时,其后常用不定式作状语，表示时间,原因,结果等，且常用主动形式表示被动意义，因此选B。此处为特殊情况。3.A。 非谓语动词短语与主句之间用逗号隔开,作状语。根据句意：为了找到需要的信息,我不得不看完整本书的内容,表示目的。 不定式常在句首作目的状语,且此处不表示动作正在进行, 因此用一般式,选A。4.D。 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选D。5.D。 考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：If they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players6. B。 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces 7.【答案与解析】B。 句意为：当那位著名的女演员走进了教室，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。turn to 表示“转向，求助”的意思。8.C。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经讨论了问题,是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动。 直击高考1.D。本题较难，a lively question-and-answer session followed是一个完整的句子，本题的两部分之间缺少连词，所以逗号前面的不能是句子，只能是一个独立主格结构。名词his lecture与动词give之间构成被动关系，所以使用过去分词表示被动，排除B项。A项表示正在进行，C项不定式表示将要进行。都符合语义，D项having been done在做状语的时候相当于done。本句的独立主格结构His lecture having been given相当于After his lecture had been given。句意：他的演讲结束后，将是一个现场问答部分。故D正确。2.A。句意为“令人惊讶的是，蝙蝠是长寿的动物，有些能活20年左右。”had和have是谓语动词形式，题中没有连词，无法并存两个句子。to have表将来；having表伴随，因此，选A。3.D。考查独立主格结构。独立主格结构是由名词+其它成分构成，不是句子，但是作用相当于句子。本题两部分之间没有连词，说明后半部分不是句子，而是短语。排除AC。Each与have构成主动关系，故使用现在分词的形式。each having a definite job to do=and each has a definite job to do.故D 正确。考点：考查独立主格结构4.B。考查独立主格结构。两部分之间没有连接词，说明后面不能是句子，只能是短语，作用相当于句子。Paris the largest= and Paris is the largest.故B正确