形容词和副词学案- 高一英语初高衔接.doc

形容词与副词用法形容词与副词是中学语法的重要内容，也是高考考查的热点。关于形容词与副词这一考点，考纲要求掌握形容词和副词的基本用法，熟悉形容词副词的比较级，最高级的形式以及与形容词副词相关的特殊句型。形容词和副词是语法填空的必考点，对与形容词和副词有关的构词法的考查仍会成为语法填空的重点之一。形容词、副词的题目侧重考查考生在具体语境中灵活运用形容词、副词的能力。从高考来看，主要考查形容词和副词的比较等级；形容词和副词之间的转换；名词转换为形容词等。解题技巧1形容词可作定语、表语、补语。因此，在做语法填空时，若句子缺定语、表语或补语，要首先想到用形容词。2副词在句中作状语，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语或整个句子。因此当设空处作状语时，首先考虑要填副词。3做语篇型语法填空时，考生还需根据上下文及形容词和副词比较等级的常用句型来判断。短文改错中，本该用形容词时却用了副词或其他词性，或本该用副词却用了形容词，要根据形容词和副词的基本用法判断。此外还要注意一些常见的形容词、副词辨析。考点1 形容词和副词的基本用法一、形容词的基本用法形容词用来修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的2叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。这类词有afraid，well，unwell，ill，faint，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰不定代词时，要放在不定代词之后。例如：something nice。4以ly结尾的形容词 (1)大部分形容词加ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，silly，timely，brotherly仍为形容词。 (2)有些以ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early。The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily5用形容词表示类别和整体 (1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind, the hungry。(2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。The_English have a wonderful sense of humor.二、副词的基本用法副词在句中一般用作状语，修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，也可修饰整个句子。1副词通常位于动词之前，be动词、助动词之后；多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。特别提示：a大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b方式副词well，badly，hard 等只放在句尾He speaks English well.2.常考连接性副词的用法(1)though用作副词时，常在句末，意为“然而，可是”，表示转折意义。(2)therefore/thus “因此，所以”，表示结果。(3)meanwhile“与此同时，在此期间”，表示前后分句的动作同时发生。(4)moreover/furthermore“另外”，表示承接关系。(5)however“然而”，表示让步、转折，常用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。(6)besides“另外；还有”，表示递进关系。(7)instead“相反”，表示前后分句意义相反。3兼有两种形式的副词 (1)close与closelyclose意思是“(距离)近”； closely 意思是“仔细地”。He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely(2)late 与latelylate意思是“晚”； lately 意思是“最近”。You have come too lateWhat have you been doing lately?(3)deep与deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”。He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.(4)high与 highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。The plane was flying highI think highly of your opinion.(5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”“在许多地方”。He opened the door wideEnglish is widely used in the world.(6)free与freelyfree的意思是“免费”；freely 的意思是“无限制地”。You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely;_say what you like.考点2 形容词与副词的比较等级 一、比较级和最高级的基本构成 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词、副词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1 规则变化单音节词一般在词尾加er，esttalltallertallestgreatgreatergreatest以 “辅音字母e”结尾的词，在后面只加r，stnicenicernicestlargelargerlargest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加er，estbigbiggerbiggesthothotterhottest以“辅音字母y”结尾的双音节词把y为i，再加er，esteasyeasiereasiestbusybusierbusiest少数以er，ow结尾的双音节词在词尾加er，estclevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowest其他双音双和多音节词词和多，在前面加more，most 来构成比较级和最高级importantmore importantmost important单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾er，est来构成比较级和最高级2.不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstoldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many moremostlittle lessleastfar farther/furtherfarthest/furthest二、几组常用比较等级句型1as 形容词或副词原级 as (1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so.as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.(2)当as.as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。as 形容词a/an单数名词as many/much 名词This is as good an example as the other is.I can carry as much paper as you can.(3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词作修饰语时，放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the_same size as mine. (4) 倍数 as adj. as倍数 then. ofThis bridge is three times as_long_as that one.This bridge is three times the_length_of that one.Your room is twice as_large_as mine.Your room is twice the_size_of mine.2形容词或副词比较级 than You are taller_than I.(1)要避免重复使用比较级He is more clever than his brother.()He is more cleverer than his brother.()(2)要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger_than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.3可修饰比较级的词 (1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, a lot, a great deal, any, still, even等。(2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。(3)以上词(除by far)外，必须置于形容词或副词比较级的前面。三、几种比较等级的特殊用法1下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather thanTheir watch is_superior_to all the other watches on the market.2“比较级and 比较级”或“more and more/less and less 原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词比较级”结构表示“越来越”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ，become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than。Things are getting worse_and_worseAs I spoke to him he became less_and_less_angry3有关比较级的特殊句型no more than 仅仅not more than 至多，不超过no比较级than. 两者一样都不not比较级than. 不如The heart is no_more_intelligent_than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.四、最高级的用法1三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常含有比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。He is the_tallest_of the three boys.Basketball is the_most_popular_of sports in this country.2最高级的其它表达法否定词比较级比较级thanany other 单数名词比较级thanall the other 复数名词比较级thanany of the other 复数名词2最高级的其它表达法否定词比较级比较级thanany other 单数名词比较级thanall the other 复数名词比较级thanany of the other 复数名词比较级thananyone/anything else The Yangtze River is_longer_than any_other river.The Yangtze River is_longer_than all_the_other rivers.The Yangtze River is_longer_than any_of_the_other rivers.考点3 形容词和副词作状语1形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，并不表示动作的方式，而是用来修饰句子的主语。Having been praised by the teacher, the little girl ran back home, happy_and_satisfiedHelpless,_we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.2副词作状语，放在句首，通常用逗号隔开，用来修饰整个句子。Frankly,_I dont like the way you speak to your mother.考点4 形容词变副词的方法1一般情况下直接在形容词词尾加ly变为副词形式，如quickquickly，carefulcarefully, hopefulhopefully。2以“辅音字母y”结尾的，先将y改成i，再加ly，如happyhappily，busybusily，angryangrily，easyeasily。3一些以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾和以ue结尾的形容词要先去掉e，然后再加y或ly。如： terribleterribly，truetruly，gentlegently。但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加ly。如：politepolitely, widewidely。 4以l结尾的形容词要在词尾加ly，以ll结尾的形容词只在词尾加y。如usualusually，fullfully。1.(2019课标全国卷)On our way to the house, it was raining _ hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take to get there.答案so，so. that如此.以至于，引导结果状语从句。2.(2017课标全国卷)However, be _ (care) not to go to extremes走极端.答案careful考查形容词。此处为形容词作表语,故填careful“当心的”构成系表结构。3.(2017课标全国卷)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been _(fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.答案fairly考查副词。应用副词修饰形容词unpleasant,故在其前填fairly。2.(2018课标全国卷)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years _ (long) than non-runners.答案longer根据空后的than和语境可知,此处应该使用副词比较级形式,故填longer。3.(2018课标全国卷)He screams the_ (loud) of all.答案loudest根据空前的the以及空后的of all可知此处应用副词最高级。4.(2017课标全国卷)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even _ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.答案worse根据语境可知,此处表示程度的加深,所以用副词比较级形式,even worse意为“更糟糕的是”。5.If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of greater_ and less importance.答案greaterand连接并列成分,根据后面的less可知,此处要用形容词比较级形式。