Unit 4 Space exploration Discovering Useful Structures 语法精讲-2 高一下学期英语人教版(2019)必修第三册.docx
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Unit 4 Space exploration Discovering Useful Structures 语法精讲-2 高一下学期英语人教版(2019)必修第三册.docx
高中必修三Unit 4 Space exploration语法精讲一、不定式做定语不定式作定语1.不定式的结构:2.不定式作定语,一般作后置定语,修饰前面的名词或代词。不定式作定语常见的三种情况:1)不定式表示即将发生的动作。例如:I have many letters to write.我有许多信要写。The car to be bought is for his sister.将要买的这辆车是给他妹妹的。2)在the only、序数词(the first,the second等)、顺序词(the last,the next等)、形容词最高级等修饰的名词/代词后用不定式作后置定语。例如:Lily wasthe onlyone to stay for the whole speech.Lily是唯一一个整场讲座留下来的人。He is alwaysthefirstone to get to school.他总是第一个到达学校的人。Theyoungestperson to enter this university was just fourteen.进入到这所大学年纪最小的人只有十四岁。注意:作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,被不定式修饰的名词或代词总是与介词一起构成介词短语跟在不及物动词后作状语时,不定式后须加上相应的介词。例如:I am looking for a room to livein.我正在找一间房子住。Can I borrow a pen to writewith?我可以借一只可以写字的笔吗?3)不定代词(something,anything等)习惯上用不定式作定语。例如:Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.虽然我们取得了很大的进步,但仍有许多地方需要改进。Have you gotanythingto cure my bad cold.你有治疗我重感冒的东西吗?4)在某些名词后常可用不定式作定语:(1)在某些由动词、形容词派生的名词后常接不定式作定语:decision,ability,promise,plan,attempt,willingness,tendency等。例如:Does he have theabilityto do the job?他有做这份工作的能力吗?I dont trust hispromiseto come for a visit.我不相信他来这参观的承诺。(2)用于说明某些名词的内容,这类词有:chance,opportunity,reason,courage,way等。例如:We have a goodreasonto believe that he is lying.我们有很好的理由相信他在说谎。You must have thecourageto say “No”.你必须要有说“不”的勇气。二、序数词/形容词最高级或被这些词修饰的名词后接不定式作定语Thefirst/second /最高级(+名词/代词)+不定式当被修饰词本身为序数词或最高级,或者当名词、代词被序数词或最高级修饰时,通常要用不定式作后置定语。动词不定式与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:Tom is the first person to think of the idea.Tom是第一个想到这个主意的人。Li yang was the second to arrive.李阳是第二个到的。He was the best man to do the job.他是做这个工作的最佳人选。注意:在the last, the only,the next等或被这些短语修饰的名词或代词后通常也用不定式作后置定语。例如:He is the only person to depend on.他是唯一一个可以依靠的人。三、不定式作状语不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以在句子中作状语,通常可用来表示目的、结果、原因或程度等。1.不定式作目的状语(1)(in order) to+动词原形(可置于句首、句中或句尾,表目的),意为“为了”。例如:We turned the lights off in order not to waste electricity.为了不浪费电我们关了灯。To score high, you have to practice hard.为了得到高分,你必须勤于练习。(2)so as to+动词原形(通常不置于句首)意为“为了”。例如:Check your composition so as to avoid mistakes.检查你的作文以避免错误。(3)for somebody. to+动词原形(不定式本身有自己的逻辑主语,即不定式to前的somebody.)。例如:I stopped and waited for her to catch up.我停下来等她赶上。2.不定式作结果状语(通常出现在句尾)(1)too . to+动词原形,意为“太以至于不”。例如:He was too ill to travel.他病得太重,不能出行。(2)(only)to+动词原形(find/discover/realize)。only to常用于表示结果令人失望或感到意外,例如:I arrived only to find that the others had already left.我到了之后却发现别人都已走了。(3)so +adj./adv.+as (not) to do或such +n.+as (not) to do句型,表示“如此以至于”。例如:The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.这个房子又高又狭窄,像一座塔。He is not such a fool as not to be able to see that.他不是傻子,不至于看不见那个。(4)adj./adv. +enough to do,意为“足以去做”。例如:The rooms are all large enough to take a third bed.这些房间都很大,足够放下第三张床。注意:“not . enough (for us) to .”通常可与“too . (for us) to .”互相转换,例如:The tea wasnt cool enough for us to drink.茶不够凉,我们没法喝。The tea was too hot for us to drink.茶太烫了,我们没法喝。3.不定式作原因状语(一般不置于句首):不定式的动作先于谓语动词,但很少用完成式。大部分表达情感等的原因。(1)主语+be+表示情绪或感情的形容词/过去分词+不定式。例如:I am glad to see her in such good health.我很高兴看到她健健康康的。We were sorry to miss your concert.我们很遗憾没有去听你的音乐会。(2)主语+be+表示人的行为或品质的形容词+不定式。例如:Jack was rude to speak to the teacher like that.Jack那样和老师说话很没礼貌。四、不定式做目的状语不定式作目的状语的用法主要表现在以下三个方面:例如:We need more moneyto improve transport of this city.我们需要更多的钱来改善这个城市的交通。To illustrate my point, I have done a comparative analysis.为了说明我的观点,我做了比较分析。注意:不定式的否定式为not to do,例如:He started early in ordernot to be late.为了不迟到,他早早就动身了。二、不定式作目的状语的用法拓展1.为了强调目的状语,可在不定式前加in order,so as构成短语in order to do或so as to do,但so as to do不可用于句首。例如:Many farmers fertilize their cropsin order to/so as tomake the crops grow more quickly.许多农民给庄稼施肥以使庄稼长得更快。2.不定式作目的状语时,可转化成目的状语从句(由so that或in order that引导)。例如:Tom got up early in order to catch the first flight.Tom got up early in order that he couldcatch the first flight.为了赶上第一班飞机,汤姆起得很早。五、不定式做结果状语不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语;不定式作结果状语时常用于tooto do;soas to do;such as to do; enough to do句型中。不定式前常有only以表达出乎预料且令人不愉快的结果。不定式作结果状语与谓语动词没有必然的因果关系,它是对谓语动词的补充。例如:She grew up to be an engineer.她长大成为一名工程师。I ran to the station only to find I had missed the train.我跑到车站,结果却发现没赶上火车。He was too lazy to finish the work on time.他太懒了以至于不能按时完成工作。He was so lazy as not to finish the work on time.他太懒了以至于不能按时完成工作。He is such a clever boy as to achieve the highest grades in most exams.他是如此聪明的学生以至于在大多数考试中都得最高分。The rooms are all large enough to take a third bed.这些房间都很大,足够放下第三张床。六、不定式做原因状语不定式作原因状语(一般不位于句首):不定式的动作先于谓语动词,但很少用完成式。大部分表达情感等的原因,有以下3种句型:(1)主语+表示情感的不及物动词+不定式。例如:I couldnt but laugh to hear such a funny story.听到这样一个有趣的故事,我忍不住笑了。(2)主语+be+表情绪或感情的形容词+不定式,用于这一结构的形容词主要有:afraid,angry,anxious,glad,happy,sorry,amazed,delighted,disappointed,excited,shocked,surprised。例如:I am glad to see her in such good health.看到她身体这么好,我很高兴。We were very excited to hear the news.我们听到这个消息很兴奋。(3)主语+be+说明人的品质或行为的形容词+不定式。例如:The boy was rude to speak to the teacher like that.那个男孩对老师那样说话很无礼。The boy was clever to solve the problem so quickly.这个男孩这么快就解决了这个问题,真是聪明。第 6 页 共 6 页