非谓语动词（二） 动名词与分词以及独立主格规则梳理 高考英语语法复习.docx

非谓语动词（二）本文档讲解非谓语动词中动名词与分词，to do 不定式讲解在非谓语动词（一）二、 动名词（Gerund）（1）动名词的定义动名词由“V+-ing“组成，顾名思义，是具备“动词属性”的“名词”。a. 动名词的动词属性体现在它可以有宾语和状语。例1：Do you mind my borrowing your keyboard?（你介意我借你的键盘吗？）（有宾语your keyboard）例2：Staying here makes me happy.（在这待着令我开。）（有状语here）b. 动名词的名词属性体现在它具备名词的所有功能，如作主语、宾语。例1：Smoking is bad for your health.（吸烟有害健康。）（作主语）例2：I found smoking bad for your health.（我发现抽烟对你身体不好。）（作宾语）（2）动名词的句法功能a. 动名词作主语例：Learning English is not difficult.（学英语不难。）问：动名词作主语和不定式作主语有什么区别？答：不定式作主语表示的动作有时是具体的、次性的，意义上通常表示件未完成的事或的；动名词作主语表示的动作般是抽象的、泛指的，意义上常表示件已知的事或经验。1：To go to the party will take up too much of my time.（去这个派对会占用我很多时间。）（表具体动作未完成）2：Dancing is exhausting.（跳舞很累。）（表泛指概念，表经验）b. 动名词作宾语例：I suggest going out tomorrow.（我建议明天出去。）c. 动名词作表语例：His hobby is reading.（他的爱好是阅读。）d. 动名词作定语例：Here is our reading room.（这是我们的阅读室。）（reading表房间属性）问：动名词和现在分词作定语，有什么区别？答：1. 动名词作定语常放在名词前，等同于“名词1修饰名词2”的结构，表示名词2的属性，两者内容同等重要。如waitingroom（等候室）；2. 现在分词作定语可放在名词前或后，表示该名词的状态。如interesting man（有趣的男人）或the man eating（那个正在吃东西的男人）。e. 动名词作补语：I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.（我管这叫作拆东墙补西墙。）三. 分词（Participle）分词的定义：中文定义：分别担任动词和形容词词性的词，简称“分词”。 （1）现在分词（Present Participle）a. 现在分词的形式与性质现在分词由“V+ing”组成；具备动词、形容词、副词属性，可表示正在进行的动作或存在状态，表主动。1：The girl reading a novel there is my friend.（在那读小说的孩是我的朋友。）（动词属性，表主动）2：He is a promising young man.（他是个有前途的轻人。）（形容词）3：The apartment has a room facing south.（这个公寓有一间朝南的房间。）（现在分词短语作后置定语）4：Memorizing a paragraph every day, he strived to improve his English.（通过每天背诵话，他努提升他的英语水平。）【现在分词短语作伴随状语（方式副词），表主动】b. 现在分词的句法功能1）现在分词作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语所具备的特征，常用已经形容词化的现在分词。1：The film is exciting.（这部电影令人激动。）2：The news is encouraging.（这新闻令鼓舞。）2）现在分词作定语作定语的现在分词有两种: 仍有动词属性，没有比较级，可被very修饰；已转化为形容词（无动词属性），可有比较级，可被very修饰。1：We all live in a changing world.（我们都生活在变化的世界中。）（有动词属性）2：He is a (very) promising young man.（他是一个前途无量的年轻人。）（无动词属性）3：A child learning to speak（who is learning to speak) often makes mistakes.（学说话的小孩经常犯错误。）（相当于定语从句）4：A young man writing novels (who writes novels) talked to me yesterday.（个写小说的人昨天跟我说话。）（相当于定语从）3）现在分词作状语现在分词作状语，表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随。1：Climbing to the top of the hill, he saw a beautiful view.（当他爬到山顶，他看美丽的风景。）= When he climbed to the top of the hill（表时间）2：Living in the suburbs, he stays at home for most weekends.（由于住在郊区，他大多数周末都待在家。）= Because he lives in the suburbs,（表原因）3：She left for a business trip, leaving two cats at home.（她出差，把两只猫在了家。）=so that she left two cats at home.（表结果）4：You will be tired soon, keeping standing for the whole morning.（如果你站着一早上，很快就会累了。）= if you stand for the whole morning.（表条件）5：Knowing all this, she still chose to trust him.（就算知道了这切，她还是选择相信他。）=Although she knew all this,（表让步）6：He got what he wanted, working hard.（通过努工作，他得到他想要的东西。）=byworking hard.（表方式）例7：Drifting among strangers, she started to miss her best friend.（在陌生人中穿梭，她开始想念她的挚友。）（表伴随）注意：现在分词作状语常需两个条件：子主语是现在分词的逻辑主语；现在分词前通常有逗号将其与剩余子隔开。4）现在分词作补语现在分词作补语时，跟主语或宾语往是主动关系。1：I found the new guy really annoying.（我发现这个新来的人很烦。）（宾补）2：The new guy was found really annoying.（这个新来的人被发现很烦。）（主补）（2）过去分词（Past Participle）a. 过去分词的形式与性质过去分词由“V+ed”组成；具备动词、形容词、副词属性，可表示已完成动作或被动状态。1：I saw the book thrown out of the window.（我看到那本书被扔出窗口。）（动词属性，表被动）2：She is terrified.（她很害怕。）（形容词属性）3：Given more attention, the child could grow into a better person.（如果能获得多关注，孩会成长为一个更好的人。）（副词属性，表被动）b. 过去分词的句法功能1）过去分词作表语例：We are determined to win the game.（我们决心赢得这场比赛。）2）过去分词作定语过去分词作定语跟现在分词使方法类似，相当于形容词或后置定语，可表动作完成，也可表被动。1：The playground is covered by fallen leaves.（操场被落叶覆盖。）（形容词；表动作完成）2：The playground covered by leaves is my favorite place to play basketball.（被树叶覆盖的操场是我最喜欢打篮球的地方。）（后置定语；表被动）注意：有些过去分词可以作前置定语，也可作后置定语，但意思不同。比较1：This is a troubled land.（这是一个是非之地。）The man deeply troubled by the construction noise from above decided to make a complaint.（那个被楼上装修噪音深深困扰决定要投诉。）比较2：She is a devoted friend.（她是一个忠实的朋友。）Theyve just launched a new radio station devoted to classical music.（他们刚刚开一个专门做古典音乐的无线电台。）3）过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，表时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随。1：Asked the reason for leaving, she didnt say much.（当被问及离开的原因，她没有多说。）=When she was asked the reason for leaving,（表时间）2：Inspired by his travels in China, he wrote the book.（受他中国之行的启发，他写了这本书。）=Because he was inspired by his travels in China,（表原因）3：Given the chance, he would do things in a different way.（如果他得到这个机会，他会用不同的方式来做事。）=If he were given the chance,（表条件）4：Left high and dry, she still found a way to finish the job before the deadline.（尽管她孤立无援，她还是在期限前完成了工作。）=Although she was left high and dry,（表让步）5：The teacher entered the room, followed by a group of students.（师走进房间，后跟着一群学生。）（表伴随/式）4）过去分词作补语过去分词作补语时，跟主语或宾语往往是被动关系。例1：I will have these books mailed.（我会把这些书寄出去。）（宾补）例2：The song is often heard played on the radio.（这首歌经常听到电台播。）（主补）问：过去分词和现在分词有什么异同？答：相同：（1）过去分词和现在分词都属于非谓语动词，在子中都可以作状语、定语、表语、补语。（2）过去分词、现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一定要与子主语相同。比较1：Looking around, he found nobody nearby.（环顾四周，他发现周围没人。）（正确）Looking around, there is nobody nearby.（错误）比较2：Trapped on the island, he had no food to eat.（被困在岛上，他没有东西吃。）（正确）Trapped on the island, no food can be found.（错误）同：（1）现在分词与被修饰的词是主谓（主动）关系，有“使得”之意；过去分词与被修饰的词是被动的关系，有“受到”之意。比较1：a touching poem 一首令人感动的诗（主动）a touched reader 一个被感动的读者（被动）比较2：He is boring.（他让人觉得无聊。）（主动）He is bored.（他感到无聊。）（被动）（2）现在分词可表动作进或重复，过去分词可表动作完成。比较：boiling water 开水（进）boiled water 凉白开（完成）四、独立主格（Absolute Construction）1. 定义：在英语句子，非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须和主的主语保持致；若一致，非谓语动词形式则须另带主语，同样作状语。所谓的“独立主格结构”，由两个部分构成：一部分是名词或代词，另一部分是非谓语动词（或名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等），并且前后两部分有逻辑上的主谓（或主表）关系。同时，非谓语动词表主动就用现在分词，表被动就用过去分词，表将来动作就用定式。之所以叫“独立主格”结构，是因为它并是一个完整的句子，只是一种独立的表达“格式”，在子中充当状语，而且这种格式往往只会用在书面语当中。1：Time permitting，we will go out for a drink.（如果时间允许的话，我们就出去一杯。）（Time逻辑主语，permitting逻辑谓语，主动）= If time permits, we will go out for a drink.2：Their cover blown, escape seems impossible.（它们的掩护被吹散，逃跑似乎是可能。）（Their cover逻辑主语，blown逻辑谓语，被动）= When their cover is blown, escape seems impossible.3：His girlfriend to come later, he is busy cleaning the room.（他的朋友会儿就要来，他正忙着打扫房间。）（His girlfriend逻辑主语，to come逻辑谓语，表将来）= As his girlfriend is to come later, he is busy cleaning the room.总结：简单来说，独主格结构相当于一个自带主语的状语。2. 形式：（1）名词/代词+现在分词：Weather permitting, we will go out for a walk.（如果天气允许，我们就出去散步。）= If the weather permits, we will go out for a walk.（2）名词/代词+过去分词：Shoes removed, she entered the room.（脱鞋子以后，她进房间。）= After she removed the shoes, she entered the room.（3）名词/代词+不定式：Lots of work to do, she only wanted to stay at home. （因为有很多工作要做，她只想待在家。）= Because there is lots of work to do, she only wanted to stay at home.（4）名词/代词+名词：He fought the tiger, his only weapon a stick.（他和虎搏斗，唯一的武是一根棍子。）= He fought the tiger with a stick as his only weapon.（5）名词/代词+形容词：He is sleeping on the sofa, his mouth widely open.（他正在沙发上睡觉，嘴巴张得很大。）= He is sleeping on the sofa with his mouth widely open.（6）名词/代词+副词：Lunch over, he went back to work.（午饭结束后，他去工作。）= When lunch was over, he went back to work.（7）名词/代词+介词短语：He suddenly came in, a knife in hand.（他突然闯进来，手有把刀。）= He suddenly came in with a knife in his hand.（8）with/without+名词/代词+分词/形容词、副词、不定式等：1：With his children away, he found a moment of peace.（因为孩子们在，他终于获得一刻宁静。）2：Dont speak with your mouth full.（不要在满嘴食物的时候说话。）3：Without any work on his mind, he would feel totally relaxed.（假如不用惦记工作，他会觉得很放松。）