高考英语复习之语法透析：名词课件.pptx
名 词,2022高考复习之语法透析,知识导图,考点精析,考点一名词的分类,名词的分类,专有名词：表示洲、国、地、人名等的名词；表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称,可数名词,不可数名词,个体名词:表示单个人或物的名词,集体名词:表示若干个人或物的名词,物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词,抽象名词：表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词,普通名词,考点精析,考点二名词的数,(1)可数名词复数的规则变化,一般情况下在词尾直接加s,以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词在词尾加es,以“辅音字母加y”结尾的名词，变y为i再加es,以o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加s,有些在词尾加es,以f、fe结尾的名词,一般要变f或fe为v加es,少数直接加s,mouthmouths househouses,glassglasses matchmatches,countrycountries factoryfactories,pianopianos photophotos,heroheroes potatopotatoes,selfselves wolfwolves,roofroofs beliefbeliefs,考点精析,(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化,单复数同形,词形变化,合成名词的复数,名词前有man/woman修饰,deer、sheep、Chinese、means、series、species,manmen、womanwomen、childchildren、 toothteeth、 footfeet、mousemice,将主体名词变为复数：passer-bypassers-by、looker-onlookers-on,无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾：grownupgrownups、standbystandbys,man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式：woman doctorwomen doctors man waitermen waiters,考点精析,(1)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks、congratulations、wishes、greetings、shoes、trousers、works(著作、工厂)、 manners(礼貌)、 instructions(操作说明)、 directions (用法说明)、 papers(试卷、文件)、 times(时代)等。(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：take turns to do sth.、 in high spirits、 make friends with、 shake hands with、 make preparations for、 make both ends meet、take pains to do sth.等。,重点记忆,考点精析,不可数名词(1)常考的不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的有milk、music、homework、housework、weather、news、butter、information、bread、advice、progress、equipment、fun、luggage、luck、work(工作)、traffic、 furniture、 wealth、 word(消息)、 room(空间)、 man(人类)等。word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。,重点记忆,考点精析,(2)抽象名词的具体化抽象名词可以表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。,考点精析,抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.在国际贸易中，英语知识是必需的。Would you like to have a walk with me?你愿意和我一起散步吗？,考点精析,(3)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 three coffees三杯咖啡 some drink一些饮料 a drink一杯饮料 three drinks三杯饮料 his hair他的头发 a few grey hairs几根白发glass玻璃 a glass一个玻璃杯。,考点精析,考点三名词所有格,1s所有格(1)主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：,考点精析,(2)s所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名词或表示集体、机构的名词后，如Toms home、the doctors、the companys new factory等；用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如todays newspaper、five minutes walk/drive、five pounds weight、ten dollars worth of coffee；用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如the worlds population、Chinas industry、New Yorks parks。,考点精析,2of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the title of the article文章的标题the name of the girl over there 那边那位女孩的名字,考点精析,3双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词s”或“名词of名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用a、any、some、a few、two、this、that、these、those 等修饰，但不能用the。a picture of my mothers 我母亲的一张照片this little cat of your sisters 你妹妹的这只小猫,考点精析,4所有格的句法功能(1)表所有关系：Jacks brother(2)表主谓关系：Mr. Wangs praise(3)表动宾关系：the famous stars admirers(4)表修饰关系：a doctors degree(5)表同位关系(只用of所有格)：the city of Beijing,考点精析,表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop、office、house、home 等常省去。at the doctors (office) 在(医生的)诊所里at Mr.Greens (house) 在格林先生家,重点记忆,考点精析,名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：(1)一般用单数形式如：a stone bridge一座石桥a meeting room一间会议室morning exercise早操London Airport伦敦机场a story book一本故事书a shoe shop一个鞋店,考点四 名词作定语,考点精析,(2)man/woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致如：a woman teacher一位女教师two women teachers两位女教师(3)sports、sales、clothes、goods、arts、customs等一般用复数形式，如：a sports meet一场运动会a goods train一辆货运列车a customs officer一位海关官员a sales manager一位销售部经理,方法解读,1判断是否应该填名词(1)根据设空前的限定词判断词性：冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。(2)根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。,方法解读,2确定名词单复数(1)不定冠词a、an后用名词单数形式；(2)名词前有these、those、several、many、all、both、a pair of、a variety of、different、one of、among或数词等修饰时用名词复数形式。(3)根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式。名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。(4)根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式。表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。,演练提升,单句语法填空1It is calculated by dividing a _(person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared.2Later，they learned to work with the _(season)，planting at the right time.3Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with_(chopstick)4Filled with _(curious)，the artist packed his bags and left.,persons seasonschopsticks curiosity,演练提升,5Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _(cause)6This switch has decreased _(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.,causes pollution,演练提升,7But you dont have to be an activist to make a differencein fact there are many tiny everyday _(effort) you can make to help the planet.8My parents experienced the _ (convenient) of a Eurail Pass as they traveled through eight countries in three weeks.9They are good runners and can run for several hours in cold weather conditions, so they can sometimes escape from _ (wolf), their main predators (捕食者), easily.10The US is always among the favorites in international basketball events, thanks to the high level of _ (compete) in its professional league.,efforts convenience wolves competition,演练提升,11Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1，500 years, but _ (express) from them have entered various languages.12The painting is highly detailed and features shops of all kinds and different economic _ (activity) in and out of the city.13Sometimes theres so much work for you to deal with and you feel its beyond your ability to fulfil it.Actually, you can take _ (measure) to help yourself.14The structure was finally completed last year and _ (journalist)were subsequently given rides over the bridge.,expressions activities measures journalists,演练提升,15Different stages of sleep actually give you different types of brain and body _ (benefit)16How can students manage _ (anxious) and stress during exam time and still get the grades they need?,benefits anxiety,Thank You！,
