重要 新生儿脐静脉置管_经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管相关性心包积液_心脏填塞的临床分析.docx
中华新生儿科杂志 2019 年 11 月第 34 卷第 6 期 Chin J Neonatol, November 2019, VoL34, No. 6 409 循环系统疾病研究新生儿脐静脉置管/经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管相关性心包积液/心脏填塞的临床分析李媛I康华2张姣3何平"李雪瑞冯彪4周熙惠I|西安交通大学第一附属医院新生儿科710061 ;2陕西省人民医院新生儿科,西安710068;3宝鸡市妇幼保健院新生儿科721000;4陕西中医药大学第二附属医院新生儿科,咸阳712000 ;5西安市北方医院新生儿科710043李媛和康华对本文有同等贡献通信作者:周熙惠,Email: zhouxih mail. xjtu. edu. cn【摘要】目的探讨新生儿脐静脉置管/经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(umbilical venouscatheter/peripherally inserted central catheter, UVC/PICC )相关性心包积液/心脏填塞(pericardialeffusion/cardiac tamponade , PC.E/CT)的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后。方法 选取2017年1月至2018年12月陕西省5家医院新生儿重症监护病房收治的发生UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT患儿临床资料.对其临床表现、影像学检查结果、治疗及预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果5家医院2年期间共留置UVC/PICC 693例.导管留置期间经超声心动图确诊发生PCE 7例(1.0%),其中有5例合并C T(0. 7% )。早产儿6例.足月儿1例;胎龄(32. 6 3. 8 )周;出生体重1 550 ( 1 200.3 960) g。UVC/PIC C置管时间为生后14 h(l 19 h).发生PCE/CT症状时间为置管后69 h(13 -104 h)。主要表现为呼吸暂停/呼吸窘迫7例、发纽7氧饱和度下降至0. 85以下7例、心动过速3例、心动过缓/心搏骤停5例。发生PCE/CT症状时6例有UVC/PICC尖端异位,其中4例胸部X线片显示UVC尖端位于T6 T7,1例尖端位于T12, 1例超声心动图回报PICC在右心房;.例导管尖端位置正常,位于T8。5例拔除UVC/PICC行心包穿刺引流积液后治愈,1例拔除UVC未行心包穿刺治愈,:!例行心包穿刺,外拔UVC至下腔静脉继续输液5 h后死亡。结论 尖端异位是导致UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT的主要原因。UVC/PICC留置期间若出现突然的、无法解释的呼吸暂停/呼吸窘迫、发纽7血氧饱和度下降、心动过速/心动过缓/心搏骤停等临床表现.应立即行超声心动图检查,及时拔除导管、行心包穿刺引流可能挽救PCE/CT患儿生命。【关键词】导管插入术,中心静脉;脐静脉;导管.留置;心包积液;心脏填塞DOI :10. 3760/ema. j. issn. 2096-2932. 2019. 06. 002Clinical analysis of umbilical venous catheters/peripherally inserted central catheters associatedpericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in neonatesLi Yuan1, Kang Hua? , Zhang Jiao3 , He Ping4 , Li Xuerui5 , Feng Biao4 , Zhou Xihui11 Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of XV an Jiaotong University, Xi an 710061, China ;2 Department of Neonatology, Shaanxi Provincial People * s Hospital, Xi * an 710068 , China ; 3 Department ofNeonatology, Maternity and Children Health Hospital of Baoji City, Baoji 721000, China ; 4 Department ofNeonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000,China ; 5 Department of Neonatology, Xi an North Hospital, Xi an 710043, ChinaLi Yuan and Kang Hua are contributed equally to the articleCorresponding author: Zhou Xihui, Email: zhouxih mail. xjtu. edu. cnAbstract Objective To study the clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment andoutcome of umbilical venous catheters/peripherally inserted central venous catheters ( UVC/PICC )associated pericardial effusion ( PCE) and cardiac tamponade ( CT) in neonates. Method Clinical data ofcases with UVC/PICC associated PCE/CT that were found in neonatal intensive care unit of five hospitals inShanxi province from January 2017 to December 2018 were extracted and retrospectively reviewed. ResultIn total, there were 632 cases received UVC/PICC insertions in 5 hosp让als. 7 cases of which were identifiedas PCE ( 1. 0% ) on echocardiography during the period of catheter indwelling, among which 5 cases sufferedfrom PCE complicated CT (0.7% ). 7 cases with PCE included 6 premature infants and 1 full term infantswith mean gestational age (32. 6 3.8) weeks and mean birth weight 1 550 (1 200, 3 960) g. The meanage of PICC/UVC insertion was 14 h ( 1 19 h) , the mean age of PCE/CT developed was 69 h ( 13 104 h) after insertion. The most common presentations included apnea/respiratory distress (7 cases),cyanosis/desaturation (7 cases) , tachycardia (3 cases) , bradycardia/asystole (5 cases) . UVC/PICC tipectopic was found in 6 cases after the symptoms of PCE emerged (4 cases at T6-T7 and 1 case at T12vertebra level on chest X-ray, and 1 case at right atrium on echocardiogram). UVC/PICC tip was normal in1 case ( tip at T7-T8 vertebra level on chest X-ray).5 cases recovered after removal of catheter,pericardiocentesis and drainage of effusion ; 1 case recovered after removal of UVC without pericardiocentesis ;1 case underwent pericardiocentesis, continued infusion for 5 h after extubated the UVC into inferior venacava, then deceased. Conclusion UVC/PICC tip ectopic is the main cause of UVC/PICC associatedPCE/CT. Immediate bedside echocardiography should be performed to any patient with UVC/PICC indwelling,who develops sudden unexplained apnea/respiratory distress, cyanosis, tachycardia/bradycardia/asystole.Timely removal of catheter and pericardiocentesis drainage may be life-saving.Key words Catheterization, central venous; Umbilical veins; Catheters, indwelling;Pericardial effusion ; Cardiac tamponadeDOI: 10. 3760/cma. j. issn. 2096-2932. 2019. 06. 002越来越多的极低/超低出生体重早产儿在产房复苏成功后转入新生儿重症监护病房(neonatalintensive care unit, NICU )治疗,脐静脉置管/经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(umbilical venouscatheter/peripherally inserted central catheter, UVC/PICC)的应用也越来越广泛,UVC/PICC操作简单,留置时间长,降低了外周静脉液体外渗造成组织坏死的风险,但UVC/PICC易发生相关并发症,如感染、堵管、乳糜胸、肝损伤等虽然新生儿UVC/PICC相关性心包积液/心脏填塞(pericardialeffusion/cardiac tamponade , PCE/CT )较罕见,但发生后可影响心脏舒张期血流充盈,引起严重血流动力学紊乱,甚至导致死亡。国外报道,uvc/PICC相关性PCE/CT发生率为0.76% -1.0%,合并PCE/CT后死亡率高达30% 50% “峠Beardsail等报道英国5年53家NICU发生PICC合并PCE/CT 82例,有30例患儿死亡,仅10例在存活期间诊断,20例死后尸检诊断,研究显示,PICC合并PCE/CT发生率约1.8/1 000根导管,死亡率约0.7/1 000根导管。本研究收集了陕西省5家医院NICU发生的7例UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT患儿资料,对其临床特征、治疗及预后进行分析,以提高临床应用uVC/PICC的安全性。对象和方法一、研究对象选取2017年1月至2018年12月陕西省5家医院NICU发生的UVC/PICC并发PCE/CT新生儿资料进行回顾性分析。5家医院包括西安交通大学第一附属医院、陕西省人民医院、宝鸡市妇幼保健院、陕西中医药大学蝇1附属医院、西安市北方医院。入选标准:(1)UVC/PICC留置期间突然出现临床不能解释的心肺功能不全;(2)超声心动图证实心包腔出现中量到大量PCE。排除标准:(1)存在其他可以勒致P$E的疾病;(2)临床表现不支持PCE/CT 包誉VC/PICC 有关。PCE/CT诊断标准:(1)超声心动图证实心包腔出现中看到大量PCE(2) PCE患儿因突发严重心肺功能否舍行心肺复苏,且排除其他导致病情变化的因素,诊断为PCE合并CT。二、方法1-萝料收集:所有资料均由各医院固定2名人员收集,1 %录入,1名核查汇总,包括胎龄、出生体重、分娩方鼠、母亲孕期并发症、入院诊断、UVC/PICC置备时龄、导管类型、尖端位置、合并PCE/CT时临床表冲、超声心动图及胸腹部X线片结果、心包穿刺抽冲液检测结果、治疗及预后等。2. UVC/PICC留置:参照实用新生儿学(第4版)UVC/PICC置管术指征、禁忌证和操作方法,UVC置管由高年资住院医师及主治医师操作,PICC置管由护片部专职的PICC小组护士操作,置管后行胸腹部)!线片或者超声心动图定位护理程序按照各家医院静脉输液治疗技术规范执行。UVC导管插入深度:脐带残端(cm) + 1.5 x出生体重(kg) +4.5(em) ;PICC置管深度宀:上肢为预穿刺点沿静脉走向至右胸锁关节+ (0. 5 1. 0) cm ,下肢从穿刺点量至剑突。UVC型号110947,3-5 5Fr(法国,美德医用导管集团)/型号4185005,3.5 中华新生儿科杂志 2019 年 U 冃第 34 卷第 6 期 Chin J Neonatol, November 2019, Vol. 34, No. 6 411 .5Fi(美国,Utah Medicine Products , Inc ) ; PICC 型号PB-ABC , 1. 9F x 30 cm(中国,昊朗科技有限公司)/型号 REF VP1. 9S20-C, 1. 9F x 20 cm (美国,Medicine Components , Inc )。置管前患儿家属均签署UVC/PICC置管知情同意书。3. 临床监测及治疗:UVC/PICC导管留置期间若患儿出现不明原因的呼吸暂停/呼吸窘迫、发组/氧饱和度下降至0. 85以下、心动过速、心动过缓/心搏骤停等,行胸部X线片观察导管尖端位置及心影大小,并行超声心动图检查明确是否存在PCE/CT,诊断明确后立即外拔或拔除UVC/PICC导管,必要时行心包穿刺引流积液并检测。严密监测患儿生命体征及心肺功能,复查胸部X线片及超声心动图。患儿心包积液无增加、反复,生命体征平稳,病情好转达到出院标准,即为治愈。结 果一、一般资料2017年1月至2018年12月陕西省5家医院NICU新生儿行UVC/PICC置管693例,发生PCE7 例(1.0%),其中 PCE 合并 CT 5 例(0. 7% )。7例PCE/CT患儿中男4例,女3例;胎龄(32.6 3. 8)周;出生体重1 200 (1 550,3 960) g;早产儿6例,足月儿1例。UVC6例,PICC1例。置管前患儿呼吸循环稳定,主要原发病为早产、呼吸窘迫综合征、低血糖。二、临床表现7例患儿于UVC/PICC置管后69 h(13 -104 h)出现呼吸窘迫加重或呼吸暂停、皮肤发组表现;5例出现严重心动过缓(心率40 70次/min)或心搏骤停,3例心动过速(心率 180 200次/min),其中有2例心动过速与心动过缓交替出现,1例无显著心率改变;2例血压下降6例胸部X线片可见心影增大。三、UVC/PICC导管留置情况UVC/PICC置管时间为生后14 h( 1 - 19 h)o发生PCE/CT时导管尖端异位6例3例UVC置管后导管尖端位于T6或T6 T7,其中病例1外拔1 cm后复查导管尖端在T8 T9 ,发生PCE/CT时导管尖端在T6 T7 ;病例4外拔1 em后未复查,发生PCE时导管尖端在T12,可见UVC走行到肝下缘上方时管路呈现锐角弯曲(图1);病例6未调整导管位置,发生PCE/CT时导管尖端在T6 T7。2例UVC置管后超審心动图示导管尖端均在下腔静脉,胸部X线片示尖端在T10和T8,发生PCE/CT时导管尖端均在T6 -T7,提示导管留置期间发生移位。1例PICC置管患儿超声定位尖端在右心房,外拔0.5 cm后未复查,发生PCE时导管尖端位于右心房。1例发生PCE/CT时导管尖端位置正常。见表1。四、实验室检查结果1例(病例1)未行心包穿刺,6例行心包穿刺。心包穿刺引流液检测结果回报:病例2甘油三酯浓度716 mg/dl,与肠外营养液一致;病例3血糖表17例UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT患儿置管情况病例胎龄(周)出生体重(g)是否置管置管后导管外拔/时间定位尖端外拔(h)方式位置长度(cm)导管类型128+31 270UVC14X线T6 -T71233+41 550PICC19超声心动图右心房0.5337+23 960UVC14X线T8否433 +51 820UVC1X线T61528 +3670UVC2. 5X线、超声心动图T10、下腔静脉否629+41 180UVC1X线T6否729 +21 200UVC6X线、超声心动图T8、下腔静脉否复査导管尖端位置出现PCE/CT症状时间(h)出现PCE/CT症状时导管尖端位置出现PCE/CT症状到诊断时间(h)处理方法结局T8 T962T6 -T714心肺复苏,拔除导管治愈未复査70右心房2心肺复苏,拔除导管,心包穿刺治愈未复査69T81.5心肺复苏,拔除导管,心包穿刺治愈未复查101T123.5拔除导管,心包穿刺治愈未复査40T6 T72心肺复苏,外拔导管,心包穿刺死亡未复査104T6 -T73拔除导管,心包穿刺治愈未复査13T6 -T74.5心肺复苏,拔除导管,治愈心包穿刺注:UVC/PICC为脐静脉置管/外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管,PCE/CT为心包积液/心脏填塞图1病例4胸部X线片结果:心影增大,箭头所示患儿发生心包积液时脐静脉置管走行到肝下缘上方时管路呈现锐角弯曲11. 9 mmol/L ,与输注葡萄糖液一致;病例4红细胞7 10 个/HP、蛋白 2. 5 g/L、氯 101. 9 mmol/L、葡萄糖15. 5 mmol/L;病例5乳糜试验阳性、培养阴性;病例6抽出乳白色、浑浊液体,有核细胞计数0. 172 x 109/L;病例7抽出淡粉色、浑浊液体、红细胞89个/HP,有核细胞计数0. 374 x 109/L,乳糜试验阳性。四、治疗及预后5例因严重心动过缓、呼吸窘迫行心肺复苏,考虑PCE合并CT。其中1例拔除UVC,未行心包穿刺,患儿治愈;3例拔除导管行心包穿刺后治愈;1例(病例5)行心包穿刺,将UVC外拔到下腔静脉继续使用5 h后死亡,患儿胎龄28"周,体重670 g,置管至死亡时间为44.5 ho 2例无典型CT表现,未行心肺复苏,拔除导管行心包穿刺后治愈PCE多发牛在导管留詈后1周内.平均3.2 d(0.4 13.5) dPCE在出现显著血.流动力学改帝前可能无症状.临床表现缺乏特异性.容易忽视和漏诊.部分,廉儿在死亡后尸检明确诊断”本纟目病例中UVC 6例.PICC 1例.標示UVC发牛PCE/CT的几率较高.可能与早产儿脐帶细而栢曲、脐静脉壁薄等因素有关” UVC/PICC相关件PCE/CT表现为突发的、不能解释的心肺功能不全.句括皮肤发组、发花、呼吸窘泊或呼吸暂停、低血圧、心动寸谏或心动过缓、心搏骤停、代谢件酸中毒、猝死等”胸部X线片可见心胸比增大“.床旁招声心动图检杳可卯,中量至大量PCE.心句积液牛化检杳甘油二酯水平升高.糖浓度与静脉输注的液体一致或旱乳 糜样”立即行心包穿刺引流积液可挽救部分患儿生命圭组7例患儿中6例行心句穿刺.发现3例积液与输注液体,性质一致.3例旱现乳糜样心句积液"导管成角、弯曲、打环也皋 UVC/PICC相关PCE/CT的角除因素” Abiramalath等根首1例早产儿UVC异位引起膈肌穿孔.导致胸水、腹水和PCE.胸部X线片可卯,UVC在未行到肝下缘卜方时管路旱现锐角弯曲.患儿行穿刺引流并梭除UVC后.积液消散.治兪出院”本组病地&灰走缸虽然导管尖端异位是导致UVC/PICC相关PCE/CT的主要原因,但4斌仗厭&确必赵以叫v多数NICU应用胸腹部X线后前位片确定导管尖端位置,一般认为UVC尖端在T8 T9、膈上0.5 1.0 cm,提示位置较好,但这种方法并非完全准确。Weil等研究发现X线片上“心脏轮廓的方法”比椎体计数能更准确地判断导管位置,毗的位置应该在上瓦腔韻财心包殿以处,即早产儿在X线心影轮廓1 cm以夕卜,足月儿在2 cm以外。但两者的准确性都不如超声心动图。Michel等研究结果发现胸部X线片定位的敏感度和特异度为60%,而超声心动图为90%以上。置管后首次胸部X线或超声心动图证实位置本组1例患儿外拔uvc后仍继续使用,最终死亡,死亡原因考虑与患儿病情重、体重偏小、耐受性差有关。因此,UVC/PICC患儿均有可能发生PCE/CT,虽然导管尖端异位是导致UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT的主要原因,但尖端位置正确也可能发生PCE/CT,应密切观察。UVC/PICC置管新生儿突然发生不明原因的心动过缓、休克时,临床医生应考虑UVC/PICC相关性PCE/CT可能,立即行超声心动图检查,如诊断PCE应立即停止输液、拔除导管、行心包穿刺引流,可能挽救患丿鹿命。利益冲突所有作者均声明不存在犁辰冲突参考文献1 蒙景雯,刘晓会,张欣,等.外周放置中心静脉导管合并胸腔积液四例临床分析l:j.中华新生JD科杂*(中英文),2017,32(2) :134-136. 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