化学专业外语非金属元素讲稿.ppt
关于化学专业外语非金属元素第一页,讲稿共三十七页哦graphite 石墨diatomic molecule 双原子分子valent 价的bond 键electron cloud 电子云allotropic 同素异形的amorphous 无定形的rhombic 斜方的crystallization 结晶solution 溶液monoclinic 单斜的fragment 碎片、断片 viscosity 粘度mixture 混合物container 容器degrade 降解amorphous 无定形的quench 骤冷、淬火helix 螺旋线iron pyrite 黄铁矿zinc blende 闪锌矿 第二页,讲稿共三十七页哦galena 方铅矿common formation 共生矿gypsum 石 膏anhydrite 无水石膏barites 重晶石sulfuric (含)硫的insecticide 杀虫的roast 焙 烧sulfide 硫化物Orthogonal 直角的、正交的 modification 变 体combustible 易燃的 physiological 生理的tetrahedral 四面体的第三页,讲稿共三十七页哦 1.1.词类转换多词类转换多:即在翻译过程中将英文中的某种词类译成汉语中的另一种词类,如名词动词,形容词动词,动词名词等等。The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.操作操作机器需要懂得懂得机器的一些性能。n.v.The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less space.连续过程通常能节省节省操作空间。adj.v.语法特点语法特点第四页,讲稿共三十七页哦 2.2.被动语态多被动语态多Mathematics is used in many different fields.People use mathematics in many different fields.科技人员最最关心的是行为、活动、事实本身,至于谁做的,无关紧要,而且运用被动语态显得文章所描述的内容更客观,可减少一些主观印象。例如第五页,讲稿共三十七页哦 3.3.后置定语多后置定语多Besides,isomerization processes may also take place which in turn leads to other fairly complicated reaction.此外,还会发生异构化过程,从而相继导致其他复杂反应的发生。注:此句中which作关系代词,修饰process,同时process也做定语从句的主语。位于其所修饰名词之后的定语。科技英语由于语言习惯与汉语的差异,还有为了强调所修饰的名词,都将定语后置,定语越长,越易后置。例如 4.4.复杂长句多复杂长句多第六页,讲稿共三十七页哦 要弄清每个词语,每个词组,每个单句的确切含义,也要弄清每一句的结构、逻辑、重点、与上下文的关系、所采用的语气等,即弄清原著的全部精神实即弄清原著的全部精神实质质。不仅要明白表面上的意思,还要掌握其内在的信息和意图。翻译过程翻译过程理解阶段理解阶段 务必通读全文,领略大意,切忌一开始就把注意力集切忌一开始就把注意力集中在一词一词的推敲上,看一句译一句中在一词一词的推敲上,看一句译一句。第七页,讲稿共三十七页哦 分析语法关系,弄清句子结构,逐句翻译分析语法关系,弄清句子结构,逐句翻译译者应对每一个句子进行具体分析,即弄清句中各词,各成分之间的逻辑关系。如主从关系,主谓关系,动宾关系等,甚至定语修饰关系,否定关系,是否省略,倒装等,所有这些都一一搞清。理解原著事理,注意逻辑判断理解原著事理,注意逻辑判断必须通过逻辑判断,对句子的结构、语言环境、上下文和事理关系进行综合分析才能奏效。如句子中的代词指代的是哪一个?定语从句的先行词是哪个?否定句中否定的对象和重点在哪里等。第八页,讲稿共三十七页哦例如例如The earth does not move round in the empty space.地球不是在空无一物的空间运转。注:注:单以语法分析,似乎应译为“地球在空无一物的空间不运转”,但我们只要根据常识进行逻辑推理,便可知句中否定的不是谓语动词而是后面的状语。第九页,讲稿共三十七页哦汉语表达阶段汉语表达阶段 选择恰当的汉语,把已经理解了的原作内容叙述出来。要特别注意的是,翻译表达和创作表达是不一样翻译表达和创作表达是不一样的的,译者要表达的是原文作者已经表达出来的东西,必须按照原著作者的思维逻辑表达。注意表达的规范性注意表达的逻辑性注意表达的规范性注意表达的逻辑性The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转,造成昼夜的更替。Matter is anything having weight and occupying space.凡物质,都具有质量和占有空间。第十页,讲稿共三十七页哦例句:The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms该句话易于理解,但却难于表达。若译作:苯的同系苯的同系物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多个氢原子所物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多个氢原子所形成的产物形成的产物。则该译文尽管意思差不多,但令人感到啰唆费解。正确译文:苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有单烷基苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有单烷基(取代一个氢取代一个氢)或多烷基或多烷基(取代多个氢取代多个氢)的物质的物质。校对阶段校对阶段第十一页,讲稿共三十七页哦We noted earlier that nonmetals exhibit properties that are greatly different from those of the metals.p我们很早就注意到非金属的性质与金属的性质有显著我们很早就注意到非金属的性质与金属的性质有显著的区别。的区别。As a rule,the nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity(graphitic carbon is an exception)and heat.p通常,非金属单质是电和热的不良导体(石墨碳除外)。通常,非金属单质是电和热的不良导体(石墨碳除外)。They are brittle,are often intensely colored,and show an unusually wide range of melting and boiling points.p易碎,颜色较深,熔点和沸点变化范围很广。易碎,颜色较深,熔点和沸点变化范围很广。第十二页,讲稿共三十七页哦Their molecular structures,usually involving ordinary covalent bonds,vary from the simple diatomic molecules of H2,Cl2,I2,and N2 to the giant molecules of diamond,silicon and boron.它们的分子结构(通常含有一般的共价键)变化很大,从它们的分子结构(通常含有一般的共价键)变化很大,从简单的双原子分子简单的双原子分子H2,Cl2,I2和和 N2到巨型的金刚石、硅和到巨型的金刚石、硅和硼晶体都有。硼晶体都有。第十三页,讲稿共三十七页哦The nonmetals that are gases at room temperature are the low-molecular weight diatomic molecules and the noble gases that exert very small intermolecular forces.室温下为气体的非金属单质是那些分子量低的双原子分子室温下为气体的非金属单质是那些分子量低的双原子分子和惰性气体分子,这些分子间的作用力极小。和惰性气体分子,这些分子间的作用力极小。As molecular weight increases,we encounter a liquid(Br2)and a so1id(I2)whose vapor pressures a1so indicate small intermolecular forces.随着分子量的增加,我们就会遇到一种液体随着分子量的增加,我们就会遇到一种液体Br2和一种固体和一种固体I2,它们的蒸气压也表明它们的分子间作用力较小。,它们的蒸气压也表明它们的分子间作用力较小。第十四页,讲稿共三十七页哦Certain properties of a few nonmetals listed in Table 2.一些非金属元素单质的某些性质见表一些非金属元素单质的某些性质见表2。第十五页,讲稿共三十七页哦Table 2Molecular Weights and Melting Points of Certain Nonmetals表表2一些非金属单质的分子量和熔点一些非金属单质的分子量和熔点Diatomic MoleculesMolecularWeightMelting Point/ColorH22259.1NoneN228210NoneF238223Pale yellowO232218Pale blueCl271102yellow green第十六页,讲稿共三十七页哦uSimple diatomic molecules are not formed by the heavier members of Groups V and VI at ordinary conditions.uV和和VI族元素的较重原子在一般情况下不形成简单的双族元素的较重原子在一般情况下不形成简单的双原子分子。原子分子。uThis is in direct contrast to the first members of these groups,N2 and O2.u这一点与这些族的第一个元素(分别形成这一点与这些族的第一个元素(分别形成N2 and O2)恰)恰好相反。好相反。第十七页,讲稿共三十七页哦pThe larger atomic radii and more dense electron clouds of elements of the third period and higher do not allow good parallel overlap of p orbitals necessary for a strong bond.p第三周期和更高周期元素的原子半径较大,电子云更密第三周期和更高周期元素的原子半径较大,电子云更密集,不允许集,不允许p-轨道进行良好的重叠,而这恰恰是形成强轨道进行良好的重叠,而这恰恰是形成强键的必要条件。键的必要条件。The difference arises because of the lower stability of bonds formed from p orbitals of the third and higher main energy levels as opposed to the second main energy level.差别的出现是由于与第二主能级相反,第三和更高主能差别的出现是由于与第二主能级相反,第三和更高主能级的级的p-轨道形成的轨道形成的-键稳定性较低。键稳定性较低。第十八页,讲稿共三十七页哦uThis is a general phenomenon-strong bonds are formed only between elements of the second period.u一般,强一般,强-键的形成只出现在第二周期元素。键的形成只出现在第二周期元素。uThus,elemental nitrogen and oxygen form stable molecules with both and bonds,but other members of their groups form more stable structures based on bonds only at ordinary conditions.u因此,元素因此,元素N和和O形成同时含有键和键的稳定分子,而同形成同时含有键和键的稳定分子,而同族的其它元素在一般情况下仅形成建立在键基础上的较稳定族的其它元素在一般情况下仅形成建立在键基础上的较稳定的分子。的分子。第十九页,讲稿共三十七页哦Note that Group VII elements form diatomic molecules,but bonds are not required for saturation of valence.请注意请注意VII元素也形成双原子分子,但是并不需要键来使元素也形成双原子分子,但是并不需要键来使原子价达到饱和。原子价达到饱和。p Sulfur exhibits allotropic forms.p 硫有几种同素异形体。硫有几种同素异形体。p Solid sulfur exists in two crystalline forms and in an amorphous formp 固态硫通常以两种结晶形式和一种无定形形式存在。固态硫通常以两种结晶形式和一种无定形形式存在。第二十页,讲稿共三十七页哦Rhombic sulfur is obtained by crystallized on from a suitable solution,such as CS2,and it melts at 112.菱形硫可以在合适的溶液中例如菱形硫可以在合适的溶液中例如CS2中经过结晶得到,它中经过结晶得到,它的熔点是的熔点是112。Monoclinic sulfur is formed by cooling melted sulfur and it melts at 119.单斜硫可以通过冷却熔融的硫获得,它的熔点是单斜硫可以通过冷却熔融的硫获得,它的熔点是119。Both forms of crystalline sulfur melt into S-gamma,which is composed of S8 molecules 两种形式的结晶硫都可以经过熔融而变为由两种形式的结晶硫都可以经过熔融而变为由S8分子组成的分子组成的S硫。硫。第二十一页,讲稿共三十七页哦The S8 molecules are puckered rings and survive heating to about 160 Above 160,the S8 rings break open,and some of these fragments combine with each other to form a highly viscous mixture of irregularly shaped coils.S8分子是一种折叠形的环,分子是一种折叠形的环,160以下可以稳定存在,以下可以稳定存在,高于高于160,S8环开始破裂,有些碎片互相结合形成高环开始破裂,有些碎片互相结合形成高黏度的不规则的线圈型混合物。黏度的不规则的线圈型混合物。At a range of higher temperatures the 1iquid sulfur becomes so viscous that it will not pour from its container.当加热到一定温度范围时,液体硫的黏度变得如此最当加热到一定温度范围时,液体硫的黏度变得如此最大以至不能将熔融硫从容器中倒出。大以至不能将熔融硫从容器中倒出。第二十二页,讲稿共三十七页哦The color also changes from straw yellow at sulfurs melting point to a deep reddish-brown as it becomes more viscous当黏度增加时,硫的颜色也从熔点时的淡黄色一直变到深棕红色。As the boiling point of 444 is approached,the 1arge-coiled molecules of sulfur are partially degraded and the liquid sulfur decreases in viscosity 当接近沸点444时,大的线圈型(铰链型)硫部分降解(破裂),液体硫的黏度降低。第二十三页,讲稿共三十七页哦*If the hot liquid sulfur is quenched by pouring it into cold water,the amorphous form of sulfur is produced.*热的液体硫如果用冷水淬火,就形成了无定型硫。*The structure of amorphous sulfur consists of large-coiled helices with eight sulfur atoms to each turn of the helix;*无定形硫是由大的线圈型螺旋链组成,这些螺旋链是S8环断裂后,首尾相连形成的。*the overall nature of amorphous sulfur is described as rubbery because it stretches much like ordinary rubber.*可以把无定型硫的全部性质描述为弹性硫,因为它伸缩的时候象一般的橡胶一样有弹性。第二十四页,讲稿共三十七页哦Sulfur,an important raw material in industrial chemistry,BaSO42H2O.作为化学工业的重要原材料,*In a few hours the amorphous sulfur reverts to small rhombic crystals and its rubbery property disappears.*几个小时后,弹性硫就转变为较小的斜方硫,弹性也随之消失。第二十五页,讲稿共三十七页哦occurs as the free element,as SO2 in volcanic regions,as H2S in mineral waters,and in a variety of sulfide ores such as iron pyrite FeS2,zinc blende ZnS,galena PbS and such,and in common formations of gypsum CaSO42H2O,anhydrite CaSO4 and barytes.硫的存在形式多种多样。如单质硫,火山喷发地区的SO2,矿泉水中的H2S,以及各种硫化物矿如黄铁矿FeS2,闪锌矿ZnS,方铅矿PbS和以常见形式存在的石膏CaSO42H2O,硬石膏(无水石膏)和重晶石。第二十六页,讲稿共三十七页哦Sulfur,in one form or another,is used in large quantities for making sulfuric acid,fertilizers,insecticides,and paper.以多种形式存在的硫,大量地用于制造硫酸、化肥、杀虫剂和纸业。Sulfur in the form of SO2 obtained in the roasting of sulfide ores is recovered and converted to sulfuric acid,although in previous years much of this SO2 was discarded through exceptionally tall smokestacks.通过煅烧硫化物矿获得可以再回收利用的SO2,进一步转化成硫酸,而在以前大部分SO2通过高高的烟囱后被废弃。第二十七页,讲稿共三十七页哦Fortunately,it is now economically favorable to recover these gases,thus greatly reducing this type of atmospheric pollution.幸运的是,现在回收这些气体非常经济,从而大大地减少了此类气体对大气的污染。A typical roasting reaction involves the change:2ZnS+3O2=2ZnO+2SO2包含此类变化的一个典型的煅烧反应如下:第二十八页,讲稿共三十七页哦Phosphorus,below 800,consists of tetratomic molecules,P4.磷,在800以下,是以四面体形分子P4存在的。Its molecular structure provides for a covalence of three,as maybe expected from the three unpaired p electrons in its atomic structure,and each atom is attached to three others.它的分子结构中每个原子形成了三个共价键,可预期这三个共价键是由该原子结构中的三个未成对的p电子形成的,且每个原子都与另外三个相接。第二十九页,讲稿共三十七页哦Instead of a strictly orthogonal orientation,with the three bonds 90 to each other,the bond angles are only 60.分子中的键角是60,键之间不是互相成90的直角取向。This solid supposedly strained structure is stabilized by the mutual interaction of the four atoms(each atom is bonded to the other three),but it is chemically the most active form of phosphorus.可以推测虽然这种张力较大的结构因为四个原子之间的互相作用可以稳定存在(每个原子与其它三个原子键合),但是它是磷的单质中化学活泼性最强的一种。第三十页,讲稿共三十七页哦This form of phosphorus,the white modification,is spontaneously combustible in air.这种形式的磷,也就是白磷变体,在空气中能够自燃。When heated to 260,it changes to red phosphorus,whose structure is obscure.当加热到260,它就变成了红磷,红磷的结构尚不清楚。第三十一页,讲稿共三十七页哦Red phosphorus is stable in air but,like all forms of phosphorus,should be handled carefully because of its tendency to migrate to the bones when ingested,resulting in serious physiological damage.红磷在空气中是稳定的,但是象所有其它形式的磷一样,也应该小心处理,因为当误食后,它会向骨头迁移,而造成严重的生理损害。Elemental carbon exists in one of two crystalline structures-diamond and graphite.碳的同素异形体有两种晶体形式-金刚石和石墨。第三十二页,讲稿共三十七页哦*The diamond structure,based on tetrahedral bonding of hybridized sp3 orbitals,is encountered among Group IV elements.*由sp3杂化轨道形成的四面体成键方式的金刚石结构在IV族其它元素中也可以见到。*We may expect that as the bond length increases,the hardness of the diamond-type crystal decreases.*可预测,当金刚石型晶体的键长增加的时候,晶体的硬度将降低。第三十三页,讲稿共三十七页哦*Although the tetrahedral structure persists among the elements in this group-carbon,silicon,germanium,and gray tin-the inter-atomic distances increase from 1.54 for carbon to 2.80 for gray tin.*尽管四面体结构在这一族的C、Si、Ge和灰锡中都存在,但是原子间的距离(键长)却从碳中的1.54 增加到灰锡中的2.80。第三十四页,讲稿共三十七页哦Consequently,the bond strengths among the four elements range from very strong to quite weak.因此,这四种元素的对应单质中的化学键也由极强变为极弱。In fact,gray tin is so soft that it exists in the form of microcrystals or merely as a powder.实际上,灰锡很软,以至它以微晶的形式或仅仅以粉末的形式存在。Typical of the Group IV diamond-type crystalline elements,it is a nonconductor and shows other nonmetallic properties.碳作为典型的第IV族金刚石型晶体的元素,它是不良导体,且显示其它非金属性质。第三十五页,讲稿共三十七页哦 预习第预习第3章。章。第三十六页,讲稿共三十七页哦感感谢谢大大家家观观看看9/26/2022第三十七页,讲稿共三十七页哦