2010-2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题.pdf

2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题2010 年 Text12010 年 Text1文章主题：用时：正确率：文章主题：用时：正确率：第一段第一段Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their artscoverage.段落分析段落分析:第二段第二段It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a timewhen high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the20th centuryconsisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable forpublication in general-circulation dailies.段落分析段落分析:第三段第三段We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turnof the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish artscriticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and atlength about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George BernardShaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newmanwrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read towriters who are.”段落分析：段落分析：第四段第四段Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, isnow known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics,and a stylist sowidely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save tospecialists.段落分析：段落分析：第五段第五段Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richlyupholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.段落分析：段落分析：语篇分析语篇分析21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that（）（）.A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapersB English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviewsC high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readersD young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by（）（）.A free themesB casual styleC elaborate layoutD radical viewpoints题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writersduty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:25.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent Critics in Memory题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:生词及短语总结生词及短语总结2010 年 Text22010 年 Text2文章主题：用时：正确率：文章主题：用时：正确率：第一段第一段Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.A received one for its “one-click” online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.段落分析段落分析第二段第二段Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, whichhave been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit saidit would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of MissouriSchool of Law.It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”【微信公众号：利之学姐】原创段落分析：段落分析：第三段第三段Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itselfthat introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patenton a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internetcompanies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move againstrivals that might beat them to the punch.In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despitethe fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even asthey took positions in court cases opposing the practice.段落分析：段落分析：第四段第四段The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courtsjudges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should“reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.段落分析段落分析第五段第五段The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that hasnarrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” thatare obvious.The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C.Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.段落分析：段落分析：语篇分析语篇分析26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of（）（）.A their limited value to businessesB their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their grantingD the controversy over their authorization题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?AIts ruling complies with the court decisions.BIt involves a very big business transaction.CIt has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.DIt may change the legal practices in the U.S.题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:28.The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means（）（） .A loss of goodwillB increase of hostilityC change of attitudeD enhancement of dignity题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents（）（）.A are immune to legal challengesB are often unnecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for patent holdersD increase the incidence of risks题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?AAlooming threat to business-method patentsB Protection for business-method patent holdersCAlegal case regarding business-method patentsDAprevailing trend against business-method patents题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:生词及短语总结生词及短语总结2010 年 Text32010 年 Text3文章主题：用时：正确率：文章主题：用时：正确率：第一段第一段In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part bythe actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed,persuasive, or well connected.The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.段落分析：段落分析：第二段第二段The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory calledthe “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them toeveryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence theinfluentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, orneighborhoods.【微信公众号：利之学姐】原创In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.段落分析：段落分析：第三段第三段In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far lessimpact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required at all.段落分析：段落分析：第四段第四段The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of afew celebrities like Oprah Winfrey whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal,influence even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed todrive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her ownacquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each ofthese people has little to do with the initial influential.【微信公众号：利之学姐】原创If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, thecascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.段落分析：段落分析：第五段第五段Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of socialinfluence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variablesrelating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” the widespread propagationof influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easilyinfluenced people.段落分析：段落分析：语篇分析：语篇分析：31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to（）（）.Aanalyze the consequences of social epidemicsBdiscuss influentialsfunction in spreading ideasCexemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsDdescribe the essential characteristics of influentials.题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”（）（）.Aserves as a solution to marketing problemsBhas helped explain certain prevalent trendsChas won support from influentialsDrequires solid evidence for its validity题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that（）（）.Athe power of influence goes with social interactionsBinterpersonal links can be enhanced through the mediaCinfluentials have more channels to reach the publicDmost celebrities enjoy wide media attention题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who（）（）.Astay outside the network of social influenceBhave little contact with the source of influenceCare influenced and then influence othersDare influenced by the initial influential题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:35.What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?AThe eagerness to be accepted.BThe impulse to influence others.CThe readiness to be influenced.DThe inclination to rely on others.题型总结题型总结:错题分析错题分析:生词及短语总结生词及短语总结2010 年 Text42010 年 Text4文章主题：用时：正确率：文章主题：用时：正确率：第一段第一段Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers andregulators would like them to fetch.【微信公众号：利之学姐】原创段落分析：段落分析：第二段第二段Unfortunately, bankslobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioningof capital markets, is being compromised.And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will bedifficult.段落分析：段落分析：第三段第三段After a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushedthrough rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizinglosses on long-term assets in their income statements.Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgmentby management.”【微信公众号：利之学姐】原创段落分析：段落分析：第四段第四段European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) dolikewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes itsreconstruction of rules later this year is strong.Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.段落分析：段落分析：第五段第五段It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity ofmarkets, not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years. But banks shares trade below their book value, suggesting thatinvestors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.【微信公众号：利之学姐】原创段落分析：段落分析：第六段第六段To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers findattractive.Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example,against hostility from special interests.But by giving in to critics now they are invit