养护管理技术手册215101244148.docx
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养护管理技术手册215101244148.docx
苗圃苗木栽培养护管理目录第一章 苗木种植植管理······································································3一、施工前前的准备······································································3二、苗木种种植管理······································································3(一)种植植前修剪······································································33(二)一般般季节栽植植···································································4(三)反季季节种植······································································44(四)反季季节种植后后管理·······························································4三、栽植后后养护管理理···································································5四、影响苗苗木移栽种种植成活的的因素·····················································5第二章 日常养护护管理······································································6一、苗圃养养护管理月月历(全年年工作安排排)··············································6二、日常养养护管理方方案·································································8(一)灌水水与排水方方案·································································9(二)施肥肥方案·········································································9(三)中耕耕除草方案案···································································9(四)苗木木整形与修修剪方案····························································99(五)病虫虫害防治方方案································································11(六)补植植与间苗移移植方案···························································111(七)强风风、暴雨及及暴雪等自自然灾害对对苗木损坏坏的应急处处理························11(八)冻害害防护方案案··································································11(九)安全全作业管理理方案·····························································112(十)质量量保证方案案··································································12(十一)园园林机械使使用及维修修保养方案案··············································12三、苗木病病虫害诊断断··································································13四、苗木叶叶黄、落叶叶原因及对对策······················································14五、病树救救护复壮措措施································································14六、农药使使用方法·····································································144第三章 施工操作作流程·····································································16一、苗木种种植(移植植)操作流流程························································166二、苗木起起、运操作作规程·····························································117三、修剪操操作规程·····································································188四、病虫害害防治操作作流程·····························································119第四章 工程供苗苗(苗木出出圃)····························································200一、号苗···············································································20二、起苗···············································································200三、吊装···············································································211四、装车···············································································211五、填单、登登记、造册册·······························································221第五章 常用苗木木养护管理理实例···························································22一、常绿树树类栽植要点点·······························································222二、常用常常绿树的种种植养护实实例······················································231、白皮松松······································································232、雪松·········································································243、油松·········································································27··去4、云杉·········································································28 三三、乔木类类栽植要领领··································································29 四四、常用乔木类类的种植养养护实例······················································32 5、银银杏········································································332 6、国国槐········································································334 7、白白蜡········································································335 8、栾栾树········································································336 9、垂垂柳········································································337 10、法法桐·······································································377 11、杜杜仲·······································································399 12、五五角枫·····································································40 13、碧碧桃·······································································411 14、山山桃·······································································422 15、木木槿·······································································433 16、西西府海棠···································································44 17、紫紫叶李·····································································44 18、黄黄栌·······································································455 19、樱花·························································47 20、北美海棠·····················································48 第一章 苗木种种植管理一、施工前前的准备1、定点放放线:无论论建圃规划或苗苗木间植、移移植都需要要放线。1.1、放放线规格(株株行距):根据苗木木生长的个体特性、生生长周期(33-5年)及苗木周转期定株行距。1.2、栽栽植模式:网格式、品字网格式、间作套种或其它。1.3、注注意苗木之之间生助与与相害。2、开挖种种植穴:2.1、穴穴规格大小小,应根据据苗木根系系的深浅、土土球大小、土土壤质地等等等情况确确定。2.2、土土坑要求是是,上下口口大小一致致。上口沿沿线垂直向向下,标准准的圆柱体体坑。2.3、挖挖土时,土土分两堆,表表层土与地地下层土分分别堆放。2.4、坑坑底要挖平平,松土。2.5、坑坑内杂物必必须清理干干净。2.6、种种植坑挖掘掘规格表:表1-1-2-6 苗木种类苗木规格种植坑规格格常绿乔木苗木高度土球直径深度直径150-220050-60050-60080-900200-330060-80060-800100-1120300-440080-100080-1110130-1150400120110150落叶乔木胸(地)径径土球直径深度直径6-840-50050-60070-8008-1050-60060-70080-100010-12270-80070-800100-112012-14480-100080-1000120-114014100100140花灌木冠径(蓬径径)土球直径深度直径10030-40040-50060-70020040-50040-60060-1000绿篱苗木高度土球直径单行(深*宽)双行(深*宽)50-80010-20030*40030-60080-122015-30040*50040*700 二、苗木种种植管理(一)种植植前的修剪剪1、根系修修剪,将劈劈裂根、病病残根、过过长根剪除除。 22、树冠修修剪 22.1、修修剪强度,根根据树冠大大小、根部部秃裸程度度、伤根大大小、生根根难易、种种植季节而而定。2.2、常常绿树,一一般不剪或或少剪,主主要是疏枝。剪除除一些枯死死枝、下垂垂枝、衰弱弱枝等2.3、乔乔灌木修剪剪,一般要要剪除枯枝枝、弱枝、病病残枝、重重叠枝、平平行枝、下下垂枝等。2.4、对对生长较快快、冠幅恢恢复容易的的苗木可适适当重剪,短截1/3-2/3枝条。 22.5、非正常季季节种植,如如在开花、结结果期,应应采取疏花花疏果措施。以以减少水分分蒸发和养养分消耗。2.6、无无论重剪、轻轻剪,皆应应考虑树形形的框架及及保留枝的的错落有致致。 22.7、修剪时,剪剪口平滑,不不得劈裂。 22.8、剪口超过过2厘米以上上的,应涂涂抹植物专专用防腐剂剂或塑料薄薄膜包封等等处理。 (二)一般季节节栽植: 3月中旬-55月初和100月下旬-111月下旬旬 11、裸根苗苗木种植或或苗木胸径径小于100厘米的。 11.1、两两人一组,一人扶树,一人填土。 11.2、种种植要领,“埋埋”、“踩踩”、“提提”,循环环三次。 11.3、先先填表层土土入底,后填下层土,填填至一半,轻轻轻提苗,使使苗木根系系自然舒展展,并将土土踩实。继继续边填边边提边踩22-3次,坑填满后,再踩实一次,铲平。1.4、种种植深度,根茎土痕与土层表面相平。 2、带土球球苗木种植植 22.1、先先检查已挖挖的树坑规规格要求是是否与种植植土球一致致。 22.2、移移动苗木时时,一定要要托住土球球,不要提提干,防止止散球。 2.3、土土球放入坑坑中,用土土四周固定定土球。使使树体直立立。 2.4、剪剪开包装材材料并取出出。2.5、进进行回填土土,先填表表层土,后后填下层土土,填至一一半时,土土球四周踩踩实。继续续填土踩实实。2.6、在在距原土球球外沿200-30厘厘米处,做做浇水围堰堰。 (三三)反季节节种植: 植物旺盛盛生长季节节或温度很很低的严冬冬季节。 反反季节种植植理论:保保持树势平平衡,呼吸吸与蒸腾平平衡或水分分和营养吸吸收与消耗耗平衡。反反季节种植植,重在修修剪。 11、根系修剪剪:将劈裂裂根、病残残根、过长长根剪除。 22、树冠修修剪:对树树冠进行修修剪,保持持地上地下下生理平衡衡。要疏叶叶蔬果疏花花,一般剪剪除1/33-1/22枝叶,花花果尽量摘摘除,避免免水分营养养消耗流失失。 22.1、落落叶乔木可可抽稀后进进行强截,多多留生长枝枝和萌生的的强枝,修修剪量可达达6/1009/100。 22.2、常常绿阔叶树树,采取收收缩树冠的的方法,短短截外围枝枝条,疏剪剪内部弱枝枝等。2.3、灌灌木及藤类类植物不宜宜作修剪,只只剪除枯枝枝、病虫枝枝。2.4、珍珍贵贵重的的树种,树树冠宜作少少量疏剪。2.5、剪剪口要平滑滑,不得劈劈裂,剪口口2厘米以以上的应涂涂抹伤口愈愈合剂。3、根部透透气处理3.1、最最好用透气气性好的砂砂性土壤,坑底垫垫些碎石或或石块以利利于根部排排水透气。3.2、胸胸径20厘厘米以上树树木,根部部要埋设透透气管或通通气孔, 33.3、通气气孔:每棵棵树做4-6个,用用碎石或沙沙子填充,利利于浇水和和透气。 44、根部灭菌菌处理。 44.1、根根部杀菌处处理。4.2、对对种植坑及及土球喷洒洒600-800倍倍敌磺钠或五氯氯硝基苯药药液,进行行消毒处理理。4.3、促促生根处理理,种前对对土球喷施施生根剂或或栽后浇灌灌生根剂。(四)反季季节种植后后管理4.1、浇浇水时间控控制在111点之前33点以后。 44.2、夏夏季:树干进行行包裹或草草绳缠绕,浇浇水时尽可可能喷湿树树干。 44.3、第第一次浇水水时,要用用生根剂灌灌根,萘乙乙酸用酒精精稀释后11/100000浓度度的灌根。 44.4、在高高温期,常常绿树应搭搭遮阴棚,进进行遮阴处处理。4.5、高高温期,易易滋生病菌菌,根据实实际情况喷喷施杀菌剂剂,防治病病虫害发生生。4.6、冬冬季:根部部封土覆膜膜。4.7、用用草绳或无无纺布裹干干和较大主主枝,防止止刮风水分分流失,导导致树干爆爆裂及冻伤伤。4.8、易易遭受冻害害的树木,搭搭建风障进进行御寒。4.9、浇浇好封冻水水。4.10、加加固支撑,冬冬季风多,避避免树干摇摇摆,导致致树木死亡亡。三、栽植后后的养护管管理 11、立支架架 1.1、栽栽植后,必必须进行树树体固定,为为防止浇水水后被风吹吹倒;同时固定定根系有利利于生根。1.2、立立支架采取取单柱直立立、单柱斜斜立、扁担担十字架、三角支架、四角支架等等。1.3、树树干与支架架接触部位位应用防护护材料隔开开,以防磨磨伤树皮。 11.4、必必要时,支支脚打桩固固定,避免免支脚刮风风时移动。 22、浇水 2.1、苗苗木定植后后,第一次次浇水必须须浇透,以以利于根系系与土壤密密接,确保保成活。2.2、浇浇水后,对对歪斜不正正的树,应应立即扶正正。再次加加固支撑。2.3、整整修围堰,对对根部周围围下沉的进进行填土铺铺平,确保保土球第二二次浇水受受水均匀。2.4、根根据土球干干湿情况,浇浇第二次水水,一般情情况相隔77-10天天左右。2.5、根根据气候情情况浇第三三次水,大大概半月以以后。2.6、夏夏季浇水,110点之前前3点以后后。2.7、冬冬季浇水,110点以后后5点之前前。2.8、浇浇水原则:不干不浇浇,浇则浇浇透。同时时要结合根根部干湿情情况进行浇浇水。四、影响苗苗木移栽种种植成活的的因素要想使一株株苗木栽植植成活,需需要采取多多种措施,并并在各个环环节都严把把质量关。反反之,只要要有一个因因素不合理理,就可能能造成苗木木死亡。影影响苗木栽栽植成活的的因素有112个,如如下:1、新引进进的异地苗苗木不适应应本地的土土壤或气候候条件会渐渐渐死亡。2、被空气气或地下水水污染。有有些苗木因因对工厂排排放的某种种有害气体体或水质敏敏感而死亡亡。3、栽植深深度不适宜宜。栽植过过浅易被干死死;栽植过过深则可能能导致根部部水浇不透透或根部缺缺氧,从而而引起树木木死亡。4、常绿树树木未带土土球移植。常常绿树木移移植时必须须带土球方方可能成活活。5、土球太太小。移植植苗木时,土土球比规范范要求小很很多,根系系受损严重重,成活较较难。6、落叶树树种未带土土球移植。在在生长季节节植树,落落叶树种也也必须带土土球移植,否否则就会死死亡。7、浇水不不透。表面面上看着树树穴内水已已灌满,如如果没有用用铁锨捣之之,很可能能就浇不透透,树会死死。8、土球未未被泡透。树树木移植后后浇水时,有有时水已充充满整个树树穴,但因因浇水次数数少或水流流失太快,会会导致因长长时间运输输而内部又又硬又干的的土球并不不能吃足水水,苗木也也会慢慢死死去。9、未浇防防冻水和返返青水。尤尤其是当年年新植的树树木,土壤壤封冻前应应浇防冻水水,来年初初春土壤化化冻后应浇浇返青水,否否则易死亡亡。10、土壤壤积水,树树木栽在低低洼之地,若若长期受涝涝,不耐涝涝的品种很很可能死亡亡。11、受旱旱而不知。有有时干旱后后恰有小雨雨频繁滋润润,地表看看似雨水充充足,实则则内部近乎乎干透,却却浑而不觉觉,感受“好好雨知时节节”之时,苗苗却渐死。12、移栽栽后树木曾曾倒伏。带带土球移植植的苗木,浇浇水之后若若倒伏,后后又被强行行扶起,则则土球必破破,苗命难难保。第二章 日常养护护管理一、苗圃养养护管理月月历一月份 全年中气气温最低的的月份,露露地树木处处于休眠状状态。 1、进行冬冬季修剪,全全面展开对对落叶树木木的整形修修剪作业;大小乔木木上的枯枝枝、伤残枝枝、病虫枝枝进行修剪剪。并及时时清除修剪剪下来的枯枯枝、病虫虫枝等。 2、防治害害虫:冬季季是消灭园园林害虫的的有利季节节。可在树树下疏松的的土中挖集集刺蛾的虫虫蛹、虫茧茧,集中烧烧死。1月月中旬的时时候,蚧壳虫类开开始活动,但但这时候行行动迟缓,我我们可以采采取刮除树树干上的幼幼虫的方法法。在冬季季防治害虫虫,往往有有事半功倍倍的效果。结结合冬修剪剪清除枯枝枝落叶和树树上的越冬冬虫卵,对对有虫卵的的枝干在病病患处刮皮皮涂药。3、全面做做好苗圃清清园工作,清清除园区内内枯枝、烂烂叶、杂草草及垃圾等等,做好防防火工作。 二月份 气温较上上月有所回回升,树木木仍处于休休眠状态。 11、继续做做好春季防防火和防冻冻保苗工作作。 22、维修工工具,联系系苗木,做做好春季绿绿化准备工工作。 3、继续做做好冬季修修剪工作,月月底以前,把把各种树木木修剪完。 4、病虫害害防治:继继续以防刺刺蛾和蚧壳壳虫为主。 55、本月,万万物复苏,温温度逐日升升高,各种种病虫开始始滋生,注注意检查做做好病害预预防工作。 三月份 气温继续续上升,中中旬以后,树树木开始萌萌芽,下旬旬有些树木木开花。1、植树:做好春季季植树绿化化工作和绿绿化植物的的修剪补植植工作。春春季是植树树的有利时时机,土壤壤也开始解解冻,应立立即抓紧时时机植树。种种植大小乔乔木前作好好规划设计计,事先挖挖(刨)好好树坑,要要做到随挖挖、随运、随随种、随浇浇水。种植植灌木时也也应做到随随挖、随运运、随种,并并充分浇水水,以提高高苗木存活活率。 22、春灌:因春季干干旱多风,蒸蒸发量大,为为防止春旱旱,对绿地地等应及时时浇水。对对于干旱年年份,做好好抗旱保苗苗工作,110-15天浇浇水一次。 33、 施催催芽肥。对对树木进行行施肥,并并根据树木木耐寒能力力,分批撤撤除防寒设设施,扒开开埋土。对对多年生花花木要增施施有机肥、磷磷肥、钾肥肥。 4、需要苗苗木培育时时,三月下下旬对木本本花卉进行行嫁接、分分株、压条条繁殖。 5、防治病病虫害。早早春发芽前前喷施3-5波波美度石硫硫合剂,有有效防治多多种病害,杀杀死越冬的的蚧壳虫若虫虫、成螨、若若螨与螨卵蚜虫。 6、杂草防防除:本月月萌发的杂杂草主要是是阔叶杂草草,在苗木木发芽前可可以用除草草剂对苗圃圃园区进行行全面施药药封闭。可可以封闭大大多数常见见的一年生生阔叶杂草草和禾本科科杂草。 四月份 气温继续续上升,树树木均萌芽芽开花或展展叶开始进进入生长旺旺盛期。1、做好春春季植树扫扫尾工作,停停止栽植落落叶树种,抓抓紧栽植常常绿树种。 2、加强各各种类型的的绿化养护护工作,对对园林树木木进行施肥肥、灌水。特特别注意新新栽树木的的培土、扶扶正、浇水水等。 3、防治病病虫害:(1)随着着温度的回回升,园林林绿化植物物上虫害开开始危害,主主要有蚜虫虫、红蜘蛛蛛、紫薇绒绒蚧、草履蚧、瘿螨、黄黄杨绢野螟螟、美国白白蛾等害虫虫危害,应应做好检查查工作,及及时防治防防治。药剂剂可选用吡吡虫啉、啶虫脒、溴灭菊酯酯、氧化乐乐果、狂杀杀蚧(对蚧壳虫虫特效)。(2)天牛牛开始活动动了,可以以采用嫁接接刀或自制制钢丝挑除除幼虫,但但是伤口要要做到越小小越好。集集中捕杀天天牛,主要要用毒棉签签或向虫道道具里注入入药液封杀杀羽化的天天牛幼虫。 (3)本月月在蔷薇科科植物、大大叶黄杨、紫紫薇等容易易发生白粉粉病、锈病病,金叶女女贞容易发发生叶斑病病,杨柳树树容易发生生腐烂病,应应注意检查查,及时应应采取防治治措施。白白粉病、锈锈病可以使使用粉锈宁宁等三唑类类药剂进行行防治。 (4)本月月蛴螬等地地下害虫和和蚜虫螨类类开始发生生,应注意意及时检查查,一旦达达到防治指指标,应及及时防治。4、对多余余萌芽进行行抹除,同同时做好修修枝扫尾工工作。5、杂草防防除:本月月萌发的杂杂草仍是阔阔叶杂草,在在苗木发芽芽前可以用用除草剂对对苗圃园区区进行全面面施药封闭闭。可以封封闭大多数数常见的一一年生阔叶叶杂草和禾禾本科杂草草。 五五月份 气温急急骤上升,树树木生长迅迅速。1、加强园园林绿化植植物的日常常养护工作作,对抽枝枝长叶树木木适时灌水水,做好植植物花后修修剪、更新新、新植树树木扶牙除蘖蘖。 2、对花灌灌木、绿化化带里的杂杂草进行清清除。 3、及时做做好园林植植物病虫害害的预测预预报工作,做做到治早治治小,为全全年降低虫虫害防治成成本打下基基础。 4、病虫害害防治:发发生病虫害害主要有舞舞毒蛾、柳柳毒蛾、国国槐尺蛾、美美国白蛾、杜杜鹃网蝽、黄杨绢绢野螟、天幕毛毛虫、杨扇扇舟蛾、蚜蚜虫、蚧壳虫、蛴蛴螬、合欢欢枯萎病、立立枯病(苗苗圃)、杨杨柳腐烂病病、黄杨白白粉病、月月季黑斑病病等。 55、杂草防防除:本月月以一年蓬蓬等阔叶杂杂草为主,部部分地区有有马唐、狗狗尾草等禾禾本科杂草草。防除这这些杂草。 66、在蛴螬螬等地下害害虫高发地地区,应及及时检查,一一旦达到防防治指标,应应及时防治治。六月份 气温再再一次升高高。 11、做好园园林绿化植植物的绿化化管理工作作,对球类类、色块、绿绿篱及时修修剪,给树树木花草灌灌水、施肥肥,保证肥肥水供应。雨雨季来临前前,疏剪树树冠同时注注意修剪与与架空线发发生矛盾的的枝条。 2、清除灌灌木色块杂杂草,本月月主要发生生的杂草主主要是马唐唐,狗尾草草等禾本科科杂草,可可以使用大大杀禾进行防除除。 3、做好雨雨季绿地排排水的准备备工作。还还必须注意意做好防涝涝排水保苗苗工作。 4、做好园园林植物病病虫害预测测预报及防防治工作。发发生病虫害害主要有潜潜叶蛾、紫紫薇绒蚧、黄杨绢绢野螟、美国白白蛾、国槐槐尺蛾、杨杨扇舟蛾、舞舞毒蛾、槐槐坚蚧、小线线角木蠹蛾蛾、白粉病病、月季黑黑斑病等;南方地区区发生的病病虫害主要要有曲纹紫紫灰蝶、切切叶象甲、椰心叶甲、红棕象甲、榕母蓟马等,应做好预报及防治工作。5、做好树树木防汛防防台前的检检查工作,对对松动、倾倾斜的树木木进行扶正正、加固及及重新绑扎扎。 七月份 气温最最高,中旬旬以后会出出现大风大大雨情况。 11、继续做做好园林植植物管理工工作,中耕耕除草及追追肥,后期期增施磷、钾钾肥,保证证树木花草草安全越冬冬。修剪树树木,抽稀稀树冠防风风,并及时时扶正吹歪歪树木。做做好绿篱的的修枝整形形和地被植植物的修剪剪。 2、防风防防涝。小暑暑大暑季节节、暴风雨雨也随之增增加,要注注意天气预预报、掌握握暴雨情况况。做好树树木的扶树树设施的扶扶正加固,同同时对树木木进行疏枝枝和培土。 3、中耕除除草,防除除禾本科杂杂草可以使使用大杀禾禾或草甘膦等。 4、病虫害害防治,注注意防治潜潜叶蛾、紫紫薇绒蚧、蓑蛾、黄杨杨绢野螟、杜鹃网网蝽、杨扇舟蛾蛾、蚜虫、舞舞毒蛾、红红蜘蛛、槐槐坚蚧、木虱、臭椿沟沟眶象、金叶叶女贞叶斑斑病等,人人工捕捉天天牛。 八月份 仍为雨雨季。1、视情况况做好防涝涝抗旱保苗苗工作,做做好球类、绿绿篱的整形形和乔木的的萌条修枝枝。根据需需要做好园园林植物的的中耕除草草、施肥工工作。2、及时防防治病虫害害。主要有有臭椿沟眶眶象、小线线角木蠹蛾蛾、槐坚蚧蚧、杨扇舟蛾蛾、国槐尺尺蛾、刺蛾蛾、杜鹃网网蝽、黄杨绢绢野螟、紫薇绒绒蚧、金叶女女贞叶斑病病、月季黑黑斑病等,应应注意及时时防治。3、继续做做好肥水等等管理工作作。4、中耕除除草:杂草草生长也旺旺盛,要及及时的除草草,并可结结合除草进进行施肥。九月份 气温有所所下降1、全面整整理园区,剪剪除干枯枝枝、病虫枝枝,刨除死死树,遇干干旱时浇水水。做好秋秋季植树计计划,加强强植后的养养护管理工工作。 2、修剪和和追肥。秋秋梢已开始始抽,有些些灌木经过过前段时间间的开花,营营养已消耗耗。必须速速对其修剪剪并追施有有机肥,使使植株恢复复生机、更更快生长。及及时对花灌灌木进行修修剪造型。 33、本月红红蜘蛛、蚜蚜虫、介壳壳虫、国槐槐尺蛾、杨杨扇舟蛾、黄黄杨绢野螟螟、天牛、粉粉虱、曲纹紫紫灰蝶、榕榕蓟马、切切叶象甲、经经棕象甲、白粉粉病、叶枯枯病等病虫虫害容易发发生,应及及时检查防防治。 4、本月容容易发生的的病害主要要有锈病、白白粉病。 十月份 气温下降降,十月下下旬进入初初冬,树木木开始落叶叶,陆续进进入休眠期期。1、结合修修剪,清除除枯萎落叶叶、病虫害害枝条并烧烧掉,减少少病虫来源源,清除死死树,搞好好补植清点点。对一些些大树进行行全面检查查,及时进进行剪除病病虫害枝条条,消灭越越冬害虫;同时对长长势差的进进行喷施叶叶面肥。2、加强养养护管理。进进入本时期期后雨水逐逐渐减少,养养护工作要要注意做好好浇水,保保证树木成成活。 3、做好乔乔木植物树树干涂白,涂涂白,可反反射阳光,减减少树木对对太阳辐射射热的吸收收,降低树树体昼夜温温差,避免免树干冻裂裂。还可杀杀死在树皮皮内越冬的的害虫。涂涂白,一定定要均匀,不不漏涂,涂涂白高度应应一致。可可避免晚霜霜的危害和和防止冬日日冻伤,防防虫防病。4、制定秋秋冬季节植植树规划。 55、病虫害害防治:继继续捕捉根根部天牛,施施用杀虫剂剂防治地下下害虫。十一月 土壤开始始夜冻昼化,进进入隆冬季季节。1、搞好秋秋冬季节绿绿化造林、补补苗工作。视视情况做好好抗旱工作作。 22、对新栽栽植树木做做好管护工工作,适时时浇水,保保证水分供供应。上冻冻前灌防冻冻水,适合合对不耐寒寒的树木做做好防寒工工作。 3、做好修修剪和病虫虫害防治。此此时期要更更换死树、清清理枯枝干干叶及干枝枝干果,消消灭越冬虫虫包、虫茧茧和幼虫。还还要继续搞搞好树头涂涂白、防治治病虫害等等。 4、 做好好苗圃及防防护安全防防火工作。此此时期要及及时清理苗苗圃及防护护林中的干干枝枯叶,严严防火灾隐隐患。 十二月 低气温温,开始冬冬季养护工工作。 11、做好抗抗旱防冻保保苗工作。入入冬前采取取包干(稻稻草或草绳绳将树干包包起,卷干干高度在11.5m或或至分枝点点处)等措措施对不耐耐寒的树木木或新种树树木进行防防冻保护。 22、对苗木木进行冬季季整形修剪剪,及时清清除枯枝、病病虫枝。消消灭越冬害害虫。3、加强机机具维修和和养护工作作。4、做好日日常巡查工工作,保证证防护设施施的安全及及完整。5、全面普普查苗木年年度生长量量,测量苗苗木规格,为为工程设计计出圃提供供依据。6、编制苗苗木动态表表:核算本本年度苗木木出圃、入入圃、死亡亡及库存。7、总结全全年工作。编编制下年度度工作计划划。二、日常养养护管理方方案 (一一)浇水与与排水方案案1、浇水量量:1.1、灌灌水量控制制可从土壤壤质地、气气候和园林林植物特性性三方面加加以考虑。1.2、在在实践中灵灵活掌握运运用“见干干见湿”和和“灌饱浇浇透”这两两个原则1.3、进进行适期、适适量的浇灌灌,可保持持土壤中有有效水分,避避免植物萎萎蔫。2、浇水时时间2.1、日日浇灌的时时间应根据据季节与气气温决定,并并注意控制制水温与表表土温差不不宜太大,以以免造成根根系伤害。2.2、在在夏秋高温温季节,避避开中午烈烈日,在110时之前前或15时之后后进行;2.3、冬冬季及早春春,在100时至166时之间进进行。3、排水3.1、土土壤出现积积水时,如如不及时排排出,对植植株生长会会严重影响响。这是因因为积水过过多时,土土壤中严重重缺氧,此此时根系只只能进行无无氧呼吸,会会产生和积积累酒精,使使细胞内的的蛋白质凝凝固,引起起死亡。3.2、土土壤通气不不良,好气气性细菌活活动受阻,嫌嫌气性细菌菌大量活动动,会影响响土壤内营营养元素的的有效度。3.3、在在每年雨季季来临前全全面排查一一次。在低低洼地,通通过增设排排水管道、暴暴雨后,及及时排去种种植穴、树树盘内积水水。(二)施肥肥方案1、施肥原原则:提倡倡平衡施肥肥技术1.1、肥肥料的种类类及数量应应根据植物物种类(品品种)、生生长发育阶阶段及观赏赏特性不同同而确定。1.2、生生长期应施施氮肥为主主的完全肥肥。1.3、发发育期应增增施磷、钾钾肥。每次次施肥量尚尚应考虑施施肥方法