组织行为学第三讲组织行为学中的人格因素幻灯片.ppt

组织行为学第三讲组织组织行为学第三讲组织行为学中的人格因素行为学中的人格因素第1页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Black ink.A roughly triangular shape,point down,suggesting a Black ink.A roughly triangular shape,point down,suggesting a broad,foxlike face with prominent ears.Naughty bits:a pair of broad,foxlike face with prominent ears.Naughty bits:a pair of breasts(rounded projections at top of blot);a vertical female breasts(rounded projections at top of blot);a vertical female figure,her torso partly visible through a gauzy dress(along figure,her torso partly visible through a gauzy dress(along center line).center line).How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you cope with new situations.The best reaction is to give one of the cope with new situations.The best reaction is to give one of the most common responses immediately.Good answers are bat,most common responses immediately.Good answers are bat,butterfly,moth,and(in center of blot)a female figure.Mask,butterfly,moth,and(in center of blot)a female figure.Mask,jack-o-lantern,and animal face are common responses too,but jack-o-lantern,and animal face are common responses too,but in some interpretation schemes they suggest paranoia.A bad in some interpretation schemes they suggest paranoia.A bad response is any that says something untoward about the central response is any that says something untoward about the central female figure.She is often judged to be a projection of your female figure.She is often judged to be a projection of your own self-image.Avoid the obvious comment that the figure has own self-image.Avoid the obvious comment that the figure has two breasts but no head.two breasts but no head.第2页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Chapter 2Personality in Organization第3页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一 PersonalityPersonality人格人格Definition:Definition:“The consistent psychological pattern within an individual The consistent psychological pattern within an individual that affects the way he or she interacts with others and that affects the way he or she interacts with others and situations.situations.”人格是个体所有的反应方式和与他人交往方式的总和。人格是个体所有的反应方式和与他人交往方式的总和。人格是个体所有的反应方式和与他人交往方式的总和。人格是个体所有的反应方式和与他人交往方式的总和。Definition:Definition:“A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalties and A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalties and differences in the psychological behavior(thoughts,feeling and actions)of people that differences in the psychological behavior(thoughts,feeling and actions)of people that have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment.social and biological pressures of the moment.人格是决定人们的心理行为上的共性和人格是决定人们的心理行为上的共性和人格是决定人们的心理行为上的共性和人格是决定人们的心理行为上的共性和差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续的，不能简单理解为一时差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续的，不能简单理解为一时差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续的，不能简单理解为一时差异性的一套稳定的倾向和特点。他们在时间上是连续的，不能简单理解为一时的社会和心理压力的结果的社会和心理压力的结果的社会和心理压力的结果的社会和心理压力的结果”（迈迪）（迈迪）（迈迪）（迈迪）Personality DeterminantsHeredityEnvironmentSituation第4页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Theories of PersonalityTheories of Personality人格理论人格理论vvPsychoanalytic theory精神分析论精神分析论 -(id),(ego),(super ego)-(id),(ego),(super ego)vvType theory类型论类型论 -theory of body-theory of body体形论体形论体形论体形论 -theory of psychological types心理类型论心理类型论vvTrait theory特质论特质论第5页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一The Structure of Personality from Psychoanalytic PerspectiveThe Structure of Personality from Psychoanalytic Perspective :The id is a reservoir of unconscious energy that includes the The id is a reservoir of unconscious energy that includes the basic desires,and impulses with which all people are born.basic desires,and impulses with which all people are born.The id seeks immediate gratification and operates on the The id seeks immediate gratification and operates on the pleasure principle,which guides people toward whatever feels pleasure principle,which guides people toward whatever feels good.good.As significant others place more restrictions on direct expression As significant others place more restrictions on direct expression of id impulses,the ego evolves from the id.of id impulses,the ego evolves from the id.The ego operates according to the reality principle,making The ego operates according to the reality principle,making compromises between the unreasonable demands of the id,the compromises between the unreasonable demands of the id,the practical constraints of the real world&the unreasonable practical constraints of the real world&the unreasonable demands of the superego demands of the superego The superego develops as children internalize,parental and The superego develops as children internalize,parental and societal values into the personality.societal values into the personality.The conscience is the part of the superego that contains the The conscience is the part of the superego that contains the rules and the thats a NO the things people believe are wrong.rules and the thats a NO the things people believe are wrong.The ego ideal is the part of the superego containing an image of The ego ideal is the part of the superego containing an image of what you ideally can be and how you ideally ought to behave.what you ideally can be and how you ideally ought to behave.The superego operates on the morality principle,and violating The superego operates on the morality principle,and violating its rules results in guilt.its rules results in guilt.第6页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Personality Test人格测试 MethodsMethods常用常用常用常用方法方法方法方法n nSelf-report surveysSelf-report surveys自陈量表法自陈量表法自陈量表法自陈量表法n nProjectiveProjective投射法投射法投射法投射法n nRorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test （罗夏墨迹测试）（罗夏墨迹测试）（罗夏墨迹测试）（罗夏墨迹测试）n nMuray and morgan TATMuray and morgan TAT(Thematic Apperception Test)(Thematic Apperception Test)(主题统觉测试）主题统觉测试）主题统觉测试）主题统觉测试）InventoryInventory主要主要主要主要量表量表量表量表n nSixteen personality factor Sixteen personality factor questionnaires,(16PF)questionnaires,(16PF)n nMyers-Briggs Type Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,(MBTI)Indicator,(MBTI)第7页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一What is Personality Traits人格特质论Personality trait is enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior.Cattells factor theory of personality（卡特尔的人格因素论）（卡特尔的人格因素论）-surface trait（表面特质）（表面特质）-source trait（根源特质）（根源特质）The“Big Five”Model16PF第8页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一16PF（Sixteen Personality Factors)个性特征个性特征个性特征个性特征根源特质根源特质根源特质根源特质表面特性表面特性表面特性表面特性A A乐群性乐群性乐群性乐群性Reserved-OutgoingReserved-OutgoingB B聪慧性聪慧性聪慧性聪慧性Less intelligent-More intelligentLess intelligent-More intelligentC C稳定性稳定性稳定性稳定性Affected by feelings-Emotionally stableAffected by feelings-Emotionally stableE E恃强性恃强性恃强性恃强性Submissive-DominantSubmissive-DominantF F兴奋性兴奋性兴奋性兴奋性Serious-Happy-go-luckySerious-Happy-go-luckyG G有恒性有恒性有恒性有恒性Expedient-ConscientiousExpedient-ConscientiousHH敢为性敢为性敢为性敢为性Timid-VenturesomeTimid-VenturesomeI I敏感性敏感性敏感性敏感性Tough-minded-SensitiveTough-minded-SensitiveL L怀疑性怀疑性怀疑性怀疑性Trusting-SuspiciousTrusting-SuspiciousMM幻想性幻想性幻想性幻想性Practical-ImaginativePractical-ImaginativeNN世故性世故性世故性世故性Forthright-ShrewdForthright-ShrewdOO忧虑性忧虑性忧虑性忧虑性Self-assured-ApprehensiveSelf-assured-ApprehensiveQ1Q1实验性实验性实验性实验性Conservative-ExperimentingConservative-ExperimentingQ2Q2独立性独立性独立性独立性Group-dependent-Self-sufficientGroup-dependent-Self-sufficientQ3Q3自律性自律性自律性自律性Uncontrolled-ControlledUncontrolled-ControlledQ4Q4紧张性紧张性紧张性紧张性Relaxed-TenseRelaxed-Tense第9页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一16PF与不同职业者的个性模式与不同职业者的个性模式职业类型职业类型营销管理营销管理人员人员人事管理人事管理人员人员财务财务人员人员16PF个性个性特征特征高乐群性高乐群性高稳定性高稳定性低乐群性低乐群性高稳定性高稳定性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒性高有恒性高兴奋性高兴奋性高自律性高自律性高敏感性高敏感性高敢为性高敢为性低怀疑性低怀疑性高独立性高独立性低忧虑性低忧虑性低幻想性低幻想性低敢为性低敢为性低紧张性低紧张性低实验性低实验性低忧虑性低忧虑性第10页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一BIG FIVE 大五因素人格结构n nExtroversionExtroversion:Outgoing,talkative,sociable,assertive:Outgoing,talkative,sociable,assertive（外向：外在的行为表现（外向：外在的行为表现（外向：外在的行为表现（外向：外在的行为表现 ）n nAgreeablenessAgreeableness:Trusting,good natured,cooperative,soft:Trusting,good natured,cooperative,soft hearted hearted（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）（愉悦、协同相容：与人的交往、人际关系的特点）n nConscientiousnessConscientiousness:Dependable,responsible,achievement:Dependable,responsible,achievement oriented,persistent oriented,persistent（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）（责任意识性：对待工作、对待事物的态度）n nEmotional stabilityEmotional stability:Relaxed,secure,unworried:Relaxed,secure,unworried（情绪稳定性）（情绪稳定性）（情绪稳定性）（情绪稳定性）n nOpenness to experienceOpenness to experience:Intellectual,imaginative,:Intellectual,imaginative,curious,broad minded curious,broad minded（开放性）（开放性）（开放性）（开放性）第11页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Big FiveLow ScorersLow ScorersLoneLoneQuietQuietPassivePassiveReservedReservedHigh ScorersHigh ScorersJoinerJoinerTalkativeTalkativeActiveActiveAffectionateAffectionateExtroversionAgreeablenessSuspiciousSuspiciousCriticalCriticalRuthlessRuthlessIrritableIrritableConscientiousnessNegligentNegligentLazyLazyDisorganizedDisorganizedLateLateTrustingTrustingLenientLenientSoft-heartedSoft-heartedGood-natureGood-natureConscientiousConscientiousHard-workingHard-workingWell-organizedWell-organizedPunctualPunctual第12页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Big FiveLow ScorersLow ScorersCalmCalmEven-temperedEven-temperedComfortableComfortableUnemotionalUnemotionalHigh ScorersHigh ScorersWorriedWorriedTemperamentalTemperamentalSelf-consciousSelf-consciousEmotionalEmotionalEmotional stabilitystabilityOpennessDown-to-earthDown-to-earthUncreativeUncreativeConventionalConventionalUncuriousUncuriousImaginativeImaginativeCreativeCreativeOriginalOriginalCuriousCurious第13页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一大五因素的验证n n与工作绩效，尤其与与工作绩效，尤其与与工作绩效，尤其与与工作绩效，尤其与“周边绩效周边绩效周边绩效周边绩效”之间有重要关系；之间有重要关系；n n“外向交往因素外向交往因素”在经理和销售员样本中具有预测效在经理和销售员样本中具有预测效在经理和销售员样本中具有预测效在经理和销售员样本中具有预测效 度；度；度；度；n n“情绪稳定因素情绪稳定因素”对于警察和技术工人样本中的工作对于警察和技术工人样本中的工作绩效有一定的作用；绩效有一定的作用；n n“协同相容因素协同相容因素协同相容因素协同相容因素”在经理和警察样本中表现出效度；在经理和警察样本中表现出效度；n n“责任意识因素责任意识因素”则对于所有职业的人员都具有相当的则对于所有职业的人员都具有相当的预测效度；预测效度；n n而而“开放性因素开放性因素开放性因素开放性因素”只对经理样本有一定作用。只对经理样本有一定作用。第14页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一建立在容格心理类型论基础上的MBTIMBTI:The Myers-Briggs type Indicator The Myers-Briggs type IndicatorType of test:Type of test:Personality Test Personality TestSource:Source:Jung s theory of psychological typess theory of psychological typesMethod of test:Method of test:Self-report methodHelp:Help:vv Understand yourself,your motivations,your strengths Understand yourself,your motivations,your strengths and potential areas.and potential areas.vv understand and appreciate those who differ from you.understand and appreciate those who differ from you.vv Enhance cooperation and productivity Enhance cooperation and productivity第15页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一What is the MBTIMyers-Briggs Type IndicatorThe Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)is a self-report questionnaire designed to make Jungs theory of psychological types understandable and useful in everyday life.MBTI results describe valuable differences between normal,healthy people-differences that can be the source of much misunderstanding and miscommunication第16页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Jungs Psychological Type 容格的心理类型论容格的心理类型论Your Mental Processes(精神活动过程）精神活动过程）感知感知Perceiving 直觉直觉Intuition感觉感觉Sensing情感情感Feeling思考思考Thinking判断判断Judging外向外向Extraversion内向内向Introversion第17页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Dimensions of JungDimensions of Jung s Psychological Types Psychological Type容格心理类型的维度容格心理类型的维度 Does the persons interest flow mainly to the EXTROVERSION INTROVERSION Does the person prefer to perceive SENSING INTUITION THINKING FEELING Does the person prefer to live JUDGMENT PERCEPTION ESTJINFP Does the person prefer to make judgments or decisions第18页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一Where do you prefer to focus you attention?The EI scale E:Extraversionn nAttuned to external environmentAttuned to external environmentn nPrefer to communicate by talkingPrefer to communicate by talkingn nLearn best through doing or Learn best through doing or discussingdiscussingn nBreath of interestsBreath of interestsn nTend to speak first,reflect laterTend to speak first,reflect latern nSociable and expressiveSociable and expressiven nTake initiative in work and Take initiative in work and relationshipsrelationships I:Introversionn nDrawn to their inner worldsDrawn to their inner worldsn nPrefer to communicate by writingPrefer to communicate by writingn nLearn best by reflection,mental practiceLearn best by reflection,mental practicen nDepth of interestsDepth of interestsn nTend to reflect before acting or speakingTend to reflect before acting or speakingn nPrivate and containedPrivate and containedn nFocus readilyFocus readily第19页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一How do you Take-in information,Discover things?The SN Scale S:Sensingn nFocus on what is real and actualFocus on what is real and actualn nValue practical applicationsValue practical applicationsn nFactual and concrete,notice detailsFactual and concrete,notice detailsn nObserve and remember sequentiallyObserve and remember sequentiallyn nPresent-orientedPresent-orientedn nWant information step-by-step Want information step-by-step n nTrust experienceTrust experience N:Intuitionn nFocus on Focus on“big picture,big picture,”possibilities possibilitiesn nValue imaginative insightValue imaginative insightn nAbstract and theoreticalAbstract and theoreticaln nSee patterns and meaning in factsSee patterns and meaning in factsn nFuture-orientedFuture-orientedn nJump around,leap in anywhereJump around,leap in anywheren nTrust inspirationTrust inspiration第20页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一How do you make decision?The TF Scale T:Thinkingn nAnalyticalAnalyticaln nLogical problem-solversLogical problem-solversn nUse cause-and Use cause-and effect reasoningeffect reasoningn n“Tough-minded Tough-minded”n nStrive for impersonal,objective truthStrive for impersonal,objective truthn nReasonableReasonablen nFairFair F:Fellingn nSympatheticSympatheticn nAssess impact on peopleAssess impact on peoplen nGuided by personal valuesGuided by personal valuesn n“Tender-heartedTender-hearted”n nStrive for harmony and individual validationStrive for harmony and individual validationn nCompassionateCompassionaten nAcceptingAccepting第21页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一How do you orient toward the outer world?The JP scale J:Judgingn nScheduledScheduledn nOrganizedOrganizedn nSystematicSystematicn nMethodicalMethodicaln nPlanPlann nLike closure-to have things Like closure-to have things decideddecidedn nAvoid last-minute stressesAvoid last-minute stresses P:Perceivingn nSpontaneousSpontaneousn nOpen-endedOpen-endedn nCasualCasualn nFlexibleFlexiblen nAdaptAdaptn nLike things loose and open to changeLike things loose and open to changen nFeel energized by last-minute pressuresFeel energized by last-minute pressures第22页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一What is your type?ISTJISFJINFJINTJISTPISFPINFPINTPESTPESFPENFPENTPESTJESFJENFJENTJ第23页，共60页，编辑于2022年，星期一职业倾向职业倾向Temperament and occupations(adapted from Myers,1985)SPPerformersEntrepreneursTroubleshootersOne-person businessesRescue teamsSJManagersAccountantsPoliceDentistsTeachersNTScientistsArchitectsEngineersDes