江苏省加工贸易转型升级的研究外文翻译.doc

The influence of processing trade on the adjustment of industrial structure Louis Vuitton Processing trade is the process of development of modern international trade, it is a new international division of labor and a profound reflection of intra-industry trade and international direct investment. Domestic and foreign strengths of the process, the rapid development of China's processing trade, not only make differences of China's abundant labor resources and comparative advantages, but also promote the upgrading of industrial structure in China, especially the development of high-tech industry. Processing trade has brought a large number of new products and new technologies, and formed a new industry. Foreign-funded enterprises engaged in processing trade, the technical level is generally higher than the domestic original level, for example, Beijing's survey showed that 81% of foreign investment projects in industrial systems, the introduction of advanced technology in other countries, so that theseenterprise level for 15 years.Beijing GE Hangwei CT machine so that the level of production in this area forward for 30 years, the Shanghai Intel introduced the world's highest performance desktop microprocessor packaging and testing production facilities.This situation not only widespread in the mechanical and electrical capital-and technology-intensive industries, is also more common in the traditional labor-intensive industries engaged in processing trade enterprises in the textile and other industries, the technology level, product quality is much higher thanThe original Chinese enterprises.The best example is the development of China's IT industry.The IT industry is one of the highest degree of internationalization of industrial, and therefore most suitable for the development of processing trade, since the 1990s, a large number of foreign investment in the IT manufacturing industry, engaged in processing trade, ranging from Intel, Nokia and other well-known multinationalcompanies, there are a lot of anonymity for multinational companies engaged in OEM production of Taiwan-funded enterprises.The rapid development of processing trade, China is relatively backward country from an electronics industry, the rapid rise of one of the most important to the world IT industry, hardware manufacturing base has a huge influence on IT products and international markets.If there is no processing trade, this stunning development is inconceivable.The export competitiveness of the export product mix to optimize product is a direct manifestation of the international competitiveness of industry, the structure of export products is the external reflection of the industrial structure.In the past decade, the dynamic optimization of product structure of China's processing trade trend is very clear.The early Chinese processing trade in textiles, clothing, toys, footwear and other labor-intensive products, with the growing number of foreign-invested enterprises in China engaged in processing trade, getting higher and higher proportion of mechanical and electrical products in the processing trade.2002, processing trade, exports of machinery and electronic products was $ 116.535 billion, accounting for 65% of the total exports of processing trade, accounting for 74.3 percent of the total export of electromechanical products.Exports of processing trade, computers, communications equipment, audio-visual products plays an important role.Processing trade export high-tech products in 2002 was $ 60,626,000,000, an increase of 46.2%.Processing trade, technology development, and advancement in technology.Technology and management of processing trade "spillover effect" three ways to promote technical progress and industrial upgrading of the relevant companies.The first path is the product of diffusion and competition.Since a large number of processing trade enterprises, both domestic and international markets, brought about by the processing trade enterprises, a large number of new products into the domestic market, on the one hand, to foster domestic demand, it also provides a model for the development and production of similar products of domestic enterprisesexpansion of the mobile communications market and the development of manufacturing is the most convincing example.The second way is to order requirements and technical support of the processing enterprises on supporting enterprises, greatly improving the technical level and product quality for supporting domestic enterprises, so that products meet international market requirements.The requirements of the international market.Pattern, since the mid-1990s, China's processing trade has changed out of the past "great progress" value-added rate and domestic procurement of continuous improvement, while the formation of cross-regional procurement network in China's coastal regions to formsome industrial characteristics of the industry significantly accumulation zone.The third way is the flow of technical and management personnel, the dissemination of advanced technology and management.Processing trade, promote high-tech industrial development of foreign direct investment has played a huge role in the rapid development of high-tech industries in China.Since the mid-1990s, China's high-tech industry has achieved rapid growth.1998 to 2002, hi-tech industrial output value of the average annual growth of over 24% higher than the 15 percent of all industrial output, the contribution rate of industrial output increased by 35%, high-tech product exports accounted for China's exportsThe proportion rose to 25%.In 2002, Chinese industrial output value of high-tech industry exceeded 2 trillion yuan, up 23.26 percent over the previous year; high-tech products exports amounted to $ 67.7 billion, an increase of 45.7 percent, higher than China's exports increased 23.4 percent.The high-tech industry has become the fastest growing industries in the national economy.Among them, foreign direct investment accounted for more than half of the high-tech industry accounted for to apply for two-thirds of the number of patents, accounting for three-quarters of the value of exports.This trend with the continuous growth of China's foreign investment and accelerate the development of processing trade is particularly evident in this development.Although in the strict sense, the growth of processing trade of foreign investment to promote high-tech industry can not be fully seen as the real growth and expansion of China's high-tech industries, but this part of the localization of the high-tech industries in the new global manufacturing division patterncut into the global production system, so that China's high-tech industries, rare elements of capital, technology and sales network conditions, can take advantage of a convenient way for China to become a global high-tech products manufacturing base.Driven by foreign-invested high-tech industrial development of processing trade for the Chinese high-tech industrial growth of the construction of the initial scale. Processing trade in China's industrial policy areas, processing trade, the domestic industry into the international market.Chinese processing trade industry association can be as encouraged to focus on the implementation of the evaluation system of the processing trade industry, the development of processing trade in the context of China's industrial policy.The premise of the scale of processing trade maintained rapid growth, and promote technological progress and upgrading the industrial structure of the processing trade, and improve the rate of domestic procurement and value-added rate of processing trade to promote the extension of the processing trade to the procurement and distribution and other services to encourage the processing trade, the gradual establishment ofown international marketing network, and finally to the integration of the processing trade and domestic industrial system, the Chinese developed into a world of highly competitive manufacturing base. Encourage technological innovation and technological progress, and continuously improve the technical level of local enterprises.After decades of industrial construction, China has established a relatively complete industrial system.Overall, however, the technical level of Chinese industry is still with the developed countries there is a big gap.According to the third industrial census data show that the mid-1990s, the general technical level of Chinese large and medium-sized enterprises than the international level 5-10 years behind.The level of backwardness of the industrial technology is the main reason for the slow growth of supply capacity of China's processing trade of intermediate goods, which not only multinational companies will be Chinese processing trade part in the chain of low-tech, but technically impede the processing trade matchingdevelopment of the industry, which restricts the processing trade, technology diffusion and technology spillovers, thus hampering the upgrading of processing trade.Take practical and effective policy measures to promote Chinese enterprises to multinational corporations in the global production chain to keep to the high-tech-intensive, high value-added aspects of upgrading, China should further intensify efforts to support technological innovation and development, to encourage and promote enterprisesequipment upgrades, technological innovation and staff training, development and implementation of the industry, especially the complete system of technological innovation incentives in the high-tech industries, as soon as possible to change the general processing and manufacturing technology backwardness. Promote the development of supporting industries, and promote the localization of intermediate inputs for processing trade.Development of supporting industries is processing trade, promote local industrial growth, the basis of industrial upgrading.To this end, China needs to make full use of and continuously improve the production capacity and technical level of local enterprises to accelerate the state-owned enterprises reform, and actively support the development of private enterprises, the rapid growth of supporting industries to provide micro-main.In addition, should also reform and improve the existing systems and policies conducive to the development of supporting industries, to encourage the processing trade to increase domestic procurement, processing trade policy priorities.Specific adjustments include: reform of the tariff system, and gradually reduce tariffs on manufactures to reduce the tax difference of the final products and intermediate products; reform of the customs supervision mode to improve the efficiency of supervision, to provide convenient conditions for the deep processing carry; improve the export tax rebate policy, reduce the tax rebateto reduce the rebate link.Strengthen the supporting enterprise technology, capital and information to support the role of government, research units and intermediary institutions, supporting the production of domestic-funded enterprises have the ability to provide technical advice, joint technology development, manpower training, provision of preferential loans, subsidies and variousinformation services, to mobilize all forces to promote the development of supporting industries for domestic enterprises.Follow the investment, to encourage foreign investment and promote the formation of supporting industries group, cultivating high-tech industries, supporting production base, the upgrading of processing trade to create a more favorable industrial space.To strengthen basic research, and foster self-development capacity of the high-tech industries.The ultimate goal of integration into the globalization of transnational corporations operating system is China's own industrial upgrading and technological progress, and learn from other East Asian economies to economic development experience and lessons learned in vitro, we need practical measures to prevent introduction of foreign capital in technological dependence.To this end, China's industrial technology development should be long-term perspective.The one hand, as soon as possible to reform the research system at all levels, to encourage research and institutional innovations to strengthen the mutual cooperation of the research, the promotion of scientific research institutions and enterprise and industrialization of scientific research; the other hand, to maintain and steadily improve China's basic researchinvestment, strengthening the forces of higher education, to strengthen human resources for training and reserve the use of international technology transfer at the same time, maintaining and promoting self-development capacity of various industries, especially high-tech industries, for the protection of China's economic security, the Industrial Economics and Industrial Technologycatch up to build a good foundation.加工贸易对产业结构调整的影响 加工贸易是现代国际贸易发展过程中出现的一种新型国际分工方式，是产业内贸易和国际直接投资的深刻反映。在国内外优势互补的进程中，中国加工贸易飞速发展，不仅发挥了中国劳动力资源丰富的比较优势，而且推动了中国产业结构的升级，尤其是高技术产业的发展。一、加工贸易对产业结构调整的影响加工贸易为中国带来了大量新产品和新技术，并形成了新的产业。在从事加工贸易的外资企业中，技术水平普遍高于国内原有水平，例如，北京市的一项调查表明，北京工业系统的外商投资项目中，81%引进了别国的先进技术，使这些企业技术水平提高了15年左右。北京GE航卫的CT机令中国在这一领域的生产水平前进了30年，上海英特尔引进了全球性能最优的台式机微处理器封装与测试生产设施。这种情况不仅在机电等资本技术密集型产业普遍存在，而且在传统的劳动密集型产业中也较为普遍，在轻纺等行业中从事加工贸易的企业，其技术水平、产品档次远远高于原来中国的企业。最好的例子就是中国的IT产业的发展。IT产业是国际化程度最高的产业之一，因而最适合发展加工贸易,20世纪90年代以来，大量外商来华投资于IT制造业，从事加工贸易，其中既有因特尔、诺基亚等著名跨国公司，也有大量隐姓埋名为跨国公司从事OEM生产的台资企业。加工贸易的快速发展，使中国从一个电子工业相对落后的国家，迅速崛起为世界IT产业最重要的硬件制造基地之一，对国际IT产品市场具有巨大的影响力。如果没有加工贸易，这样惊人的发展是不可想像的。出口产品结构的优化产品的出口竞争力是产业国际竞争力的直接表现，出口产品结构是产业结构的外在反映。过去十年，中国加工贸易产品结构的动态优化趋势十分明朗。早期中国加工贸易以纺织、服装、玩具、鞋帽等劳动密集型产品为主，随着越来越多的外商投资企业来华从事加工贸易，机电产品在加工贸易中的比重越来越高。2002年，加工贸易出口机电产品1165.35亿美元，占加工贸易出口总额的65%，占全部机电产品出口的74.3%。加工贸易出口中，计算机、通讯设备、视听产品占有重要地位。2002年加工贸易出口高新技术产品606.26亿美元，同比增长了46.2%。加工贸易提高了技术开发能力，促进了技术进步。加工贸易的技术与管理“外溢效应”通过三种途径促进了相关企业的技术进步与产业升级。第一条途径是产品的扩散与竞争。由于大量加工贸易企业是兼顾国际国内两个市场的，由加工贸易企业带来的大量新产品投入国内市场，一方面培育了国内需求，另一方面也为国内企业开发与生产同类产品提供了示范，移动通讯市场的扩张与制造业的发展是最具说服力的例证。第二条途径是加工企业对配套企业的订货要求与技术支持，大大提高了国内配套企业的技术水平与产品质量，使其产品能够达到国际市场的要求。际市场的要求。20世纪90年代中期以来，中国的加工贸易逐渐改变了以往“大进大出”的格局，其国内增值率和国内采购的不断提高，在形成跨区域的采购网络的同时，在中国沿海地区形成了一些产业特征明显的产业聚集带。第三条途径就是技术与管理人员的流动，传播了先进的技术与管理。加工贸易促进中国高新技术产业发展外商直接投资在高新技术产业的飞速发展中起了巨大的作用。20世纪90年代中期以来，中国高新技术产业实现了高速增长。1998年到2002年，高新技术产业工业总产值年均增长超过24%，高出全部工业产值15个百分点，对工业总产值增长的贡献率达到35%，高新技术产品的出口占中国出口额的比重上升到25%左右。2002年，中国高新技术产业工业总产值突破2万亿元，比上年增长23.26%；高新技术产品出口额达677亿美元，增长45.7%，高于中国外贸出口增幅近23.4个百分点。高新技术产业已成为国民经济中成长最为迅速的产业。其中，外商直接投资占高新技术产业增加值的一半以上，占申请专利数的三分之二，占出口值的四分之三。这个趋势随着中国外资引进的不断增长而加速发展，加工贸易在此发展中的作用尤为明显。虽然在严格意义上，外资推动的高新技术产业加工贸易的增长还不能完全看作中国高新技术产业的真正成长与壮大，但是在全球制造业新的分工格局下，这部分高新技术产业的当地化，使中国高新技术产业切入了全球生产体系，获得了难得的资金、技术和销售网络等要素条件，为中国成为全球高新技术产品的制造基地提供了可以利用的便捷途径。外商投资带动的高新技术产业加工贸易的发展为中国高新技术产业成长筑建了初步的规模。二、促进加工贸易产业升级的政策建议 将加