Unit4 单元语法 定语从句讲解素材人教版高一英语必修第一册.docx
新人教高一英语必修一U4 Natural Disasters 语法 定语从句1 定义：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的，起限定作用的成分。定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词（现在分词或过去分词）、不定式（短语）、介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子就是定语从句。二、定语从句三要素 1. 先行词：被修饰的名词/代词/整个主句 2. 关系代词：连接先行词与定语从句（that, which, who, whom,whose） 3. 关系副词：连接先行词与定语从句（where, when, why）注意： 关系代词/副词的选择看定从是否完整句子完整用关系副词缺少成分用关系代词定从=先行词+关系词+从句例： I know the girl. The girl is in red. (两个简单句) I know the girl who is in red. （定语从句） 例句中被修饰的词是the girl, 这个词就称为先行词。其中连接两个句子的是 who， 称为关系词。关系词在从句中指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的成分，观察上句，关系词在从句中充当主语。总结：关系词有三个作用：（1） 连接定语从句; （2）、指代先行词；（3）、在从句中充当成分关系词的用法如下表：关系词所修饰的先行词在句中所作的成分关系代词that 人、物 主语、宾语、表语which物、事主语、宾语who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人、物定语关系副词when 时间名词时间状语where地点名词地点状语why原因名词（the reason）原因状语3、 关系代词的用法：定语从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语用关系代词。在从句中作宾语时，关系代词常可以省略。1. that的用法that指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语，但that不用于引导非限制性定语从句。例：The letter that I received was from my father.The girl that has long hair is my sister. The city is no longer the one that it used to be.注意：用that不用which的情况情况 例句nothing, everything, anything, much, all, little, few等不定代词作先行词时。He did everything he could to help us.These are all that I can provide for you.2.指物的先行词前被序数词修饰时。The first thing that came into my mind was his words.3.指物的先行词前被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best foreign film that I have ever seen.4.指物的先行词前被the last, the very, the only, the right, all, every, just, few等词修饰时。The very air that I breathed was filled with sand!5.先行词既指人又指物时。They talked about the things and friends that they could remember.6.以疑问词(who, which, what)开头的疑问句,为避免重复,用 that.Who is the man that is standing over there?Which is the book that you want to buy?2. which 的用法which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。在限制性定从中作宾语时可以省略which。which在非限制性定语从句中可用于指代主句中的名词、代词或整个句子，不能省略。例：The fish which we bought were not fresh. The building which stands near the river is our school.注意：用which不用that的情况情况 例句1. 在非限制性定语从中。The flight was canceled, which was because of the bad weather.2.关系代词前有介词时且先行词指物时The thing about which he is talking is important. 6.先行词本身是that、those为避免重复,用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now？3. who, whom 的用法二者都用于指人。（1） who在定语从句作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。（2） whom在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略。但是非限制定从中的whom不能省略，介词后只能用whom，不能用who，也不可省略。例：The boy who broke the window is called Tom.The person to whom he is talking is my father.He is the old man who/whom we looked after last year.注意：用who不用that的情况情况 例句1.先行词是只指人的代词，如one， ones，anyone，those等God helps those who help themselves. 自助者，天助之。2.先行词为人称代词时。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。4. whose的用法 whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系，意为“.的。”例：I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us. whose+名词 = the+名词+of which / whom = of which / whom +the+名词例：I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.=I live next door to a couple the children of whom often make a lot of noise.=I live next door to a couple of whom the children often make a lot of noise.The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.= The books on the desk, the covers of which are shiny, are prizes for us.= The books on the desk, of which the covers are shiny, are prizes for us.4、 关系副词的用法：定语从句中不缺成分，用关系副词。I'll never forget the day when I entered the university. （时间状语）This is the hotel where I stayed last week. （地点状语）Do you know the reason why he was late? （原因状语）先行词指时间定语从句完整when / 介词（in/on/during+which先行词指地点定语从句完整where / 介词(in/on/at/ to+which先行词指原因定语从句完整why/ for + which1. when的用法 when 的先行词通常为time, day, year, night, week, occasion等表示时间的名词。例：I shall never forget the years when I lived in the countryside.I still remember the date when I went to Nanjing for the first time. 2. where 的用法where的先行词为： 地点名词，如park, place, country等。 有地点含义的抽象名词，如point, position, situation, stage, state, case, scene等。例：Disney is an amusement park where many children can see a lot of cartoon characters. In learning English theyve reached a degree where they can read foreign newspapers and magazines in almost a free way.3. why 的用法why相当于for which, 先行词只有reason. 但是，the reason 作先行词时，若定从中缺少主语或者宾语，就要用that 或 which引导。例：Can you tell me the reason why ( = for which )you are late again. The reason ( that / which ) you gave us was ridiculous.7
