语篇与译者幻灯片.ppt

语篇与译者第1页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Contrasts Between Language SystemsStructuralist theories of language were,influential in translation theory and there were some serious attempts to apply structuralist notions to translation problem.(语言的结构理论在翻译理论里具有很大的影响，有些学者曾认真地试图将结构主义观点应用于解决翻译问题。)Catford(1965),for example,attempts to build a theory of translation on the current state linguistic science.Yet much of the discussion is between language systems rather than about communication a cross cultural barriers and about individual,de-contextualised sentences instead of real texts.（譬如，卡特福德将翻译理论建立于当时流行的“语言科学”。可是这种探讨的大多内容是关于各种语言系统之间的结构对比，而不是关于跨文化障碍的交际，或仅讨论那些没有语境的单个句子，而不是真正的语篇。）第2页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Thus translation theory becomes a branch of contrastive linguistics,and translation problems become a matter of the non-correspondence of certain formal categories in different languages.（因此，翻译理论成了对比语言学的一个分支，翻译中存在的诸种难题成了在各不同语言中某些形式范畴非对应的问题。）第3页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Catford Catford put forward the assumption of formal correspondence（形式对应）：A formal correspondent is any TL category which may be said to occupy,as nearly as possible,the same place in the economy of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.（一种形式上的对应，就是这样一种目标语范畴：它可以被认为如同源语的某一范畴在源语中所占据的位置一样，在目标语的系统中占据尽可能接 近的“同样”位置。）第4页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二The assumption that formal correspondence thus defined is of relevance to translation studies leads naturally to an investigation of equivalence probability-attempt to arrive at a statistical calculation of the degree of probability that a given SL category will,in any given text,be rendered by an equivalent TL category.（如此界定的“形式对应”与翻译研究具有相关性，这种假设自然导致“对等概率”的探究，即试图对这样一种概率度做出数据上的估计：在任何语篇中，源语的某一个范畴将转换为目标语的一个对等范畴。）第5页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二However,any such extrapolation can lead only to statements about language systems,not about the communicative factors surrounding the production ad reception of text.（然而，任何这种外推法只能走向对语言各系统的陈述，而不是对围绕语篇的产出和接受的诸种交际因素的陈述。）第6页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Jakobson A similar concern with contrasts between the mechanics of different languages underlies Jakobsons assertion that languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what convey.（对不同语言机制之间的对比类似关注，构成了雅各布逊如下观点的基础：“各语言的基本差异在于这些语言必须表达什么，而不是这些语言能够表达什么”。）第7页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二In other words,all natural languages have the capacity to express all of the range of experience of the cultural communities of which they are part;and the resources of particular languages expand to cater for new experience.（换句话说，一切自然语言都能表达各种文化共同体一切范围的经验，语言也是文化共同体的组成部分，而且各特定语言的资源能扩展到满足表达新经验的需要。）第8页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二But grammatical and lexical structures and categories force language users to convey certain items of meaning and it is here,according to the contrastive view.（但是，语法和词汇的结构和范畴迫使语言使用者传到某些义项，依据结构主义观点，真正的翻译困难就在于此。）第9页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Pronouns of Address:a problem of Structural ContrastIt is beyond dispute that this lack of a one-to-one relationship between grammatical categories,including tense systems,demonstratives and adverbs of time and place,creates problems for the translator.(有一个不争的事实，在语法范畴，包括时态系统，指示代词以及时间和地点副词之间缺少一对一的关系，这给译者带来了各种难题。)第10页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二For illustration,Let us consider in more detail the distinction made in many language between so-called polite and familiar forms of address,as manifested in pronouns and verb endings.（便于说明，让我们更详细地考虑血多语言中所谓“敬称”与“熟称”的称呼形式之间的区别。这种区别昭显于各种代词和动词词尾。）第11页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Following the convention in linguistics,we shall use T and V to refer to these forms,irrespective of the language involved.Problems arise,in literary translating and in film subtitling,where dialogues often involve a significant shift from the V-to the T-form of address.（根据语言学的习惯，我们将使用T和V来表示这些形式。在文学的翻译过程中和给电影配字幕的过程中常会产生难题，因为其中的各种对话常常涉及到从V到T的称呼形式的重大变化。）第12页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二The significant of the shift cannot be rendered in English by pronominal means;there has to be some kind of lexical compensation for the inevitable loss.(这种变化所带来的意义在英语里不可能借助代名词的手段加以传译，必须使用某种词汇手段来弥补不可避免的损失。)第13页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二A:Allez,viens-l mon petit gars.Otra copita para mi compadre Assieds-toi.B:Merci,vous tes bien aimable.A:Non,tu me tutoyais tout 1heure.Je mappelle Jopour toi Come here kid.Another glass for buddy.Youre very kind.No,were friends.To you,my names Jo.第14页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Lyons(1979)investigates the use of T-and V-forms in Tolstoys Anna Karenina,and he notes that English translations of Anna Karenina fail to render the significance of these switches between T and V.（莱昂斯对托尔斯泰的小说安娜卡列尼娜中的T式和V式的使用情况做了调查，她注意到，小说安娜卡列尼娜的英文翻译并没有将T式与V式之间的这些变化的意味传译出来。）第15页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Lyons concludes:That there may be semantic distinctions drawn by one language-system that either cannot be translated at all or can only can only be roughly and inadequately translated in terms of some other language-system.（莱昂斯对此做出了以下结论：也许存在着一种语言系统所做出的各种语义区别，这些区别从另一种语言系统的角度来看，要不根本不可能得到传译，要不只能得到粗略的并且是不恰当的传译。）第16页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Is Translation Impossible？Recognition of the non-correspondence of categories within languages is also at the root of a view which,for a while,was highly influential in linguistics.The view,which has developed out of statements made by Sapir and Whorf,holds that language is the mould of thought,so that our ways of thinking and conceptualizing are determined by the language we speak.It is now widely recognized that such a view that is untenable.(承认各语言之间诸范畴的非对应性，这是一下观点的根本所在。这一观点来自撒丕尔和沃夫。这一观点认为，语言是思维的模式，我们各种思维和概念化的方式因此取决于我们所使用的语言。现在人们广为承认这种语言决定论的观点是站不住脚的。)第17页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二The very fact that people are capable of learning a second language to a high degree of competence and fluency considerably weakens the hypothesis.(人们学习第二种语言而且能在语言能力和流利度方面达到很高水平，这在相当程度上削弱了这种假说。)第18页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二We can note that preoccupation with formal categories leads to pessimistic assumptions about untranslatability which do not entirely correspond to the experience of the practicing translator.(对形式范畴先入为主的思想导致了对不可译性产生了各种悲观的假设，而这些假设并不完全符合翻译实践中译者的经验。)第19页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二In Nidas view,non-correspondence of grammatical and lexical categories is the main source of information loss and gain in translation.The latter occurs when an SL category lacks information which is obligatorily expressed in the corresponding TL category.(奈达认为，语法和词汇范畴的非对应性是翻译中信息的损失和增添的主要根源。信息增添的发生，是因为源语范畴缺乏信息，而这一信息又必须在目标的相应范畴中得到表达。)第20页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Wholly different conclusions are reached by those who start from the point of view of the translator.In theory,translating from Chinese,a language which does not have verbal tenses,into English,in which verbs are obligatorily marked for tense,would inevitable result in addition of information.（不同的人全然有不同的结论，仁者见仁智者见智。在理论上，将汉语译成英语自然会导致信息的增添，因为汉语是一门没有动词时态的语言，而在英语中，动词必须具有时态标记。）第21页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二Yet in practice,Chinese-to-English translator will confirm that the English tense to be selected is normally apparent from context and does not necessarily add meaning to what is expressed in the source text.（可是在实践上，汉译英的译者会证实，被选用的英语时态通常借助语境而得到彰显，并不一定会给源语语篇中表达信息增添意义。）第22页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二At the same time,the influence of contrastive structural linguistics has made itself felt in translation teaching methodology.The assumption that translation problems are best examined at the level of contrasts between grammatical and lexical categories underlies a number of published manuals of translating which devote separate sections to the translation of verbs,adjectives,pronouns,preposition,etc.（与此同时，对比结构语言学在翻译教学方法领域产生的影响已有所显现。在各语法范畴和词汇范畴之间的对比这一层面上最有效地审视各种翻译难题，这一假设构成了若干业已发表的翻译手册的基础。这些手册分不同的部分探讨了各种动词，形容词，代词，介词等。）第23页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二第24页，共24页，编辑于2022年，星期二