中考英语语法总复习：助动词的用法全面总结.doc

中考英语语法总复习：助动词的用法全面总结一、英语中的助动词英语中常用作助动词的有三组词：1）be,am,is,are,was,were,been,being2）has,have,had,having3）does,do,did另外还有shall，will，would，should虽然也是助动词，却有时起情态动词的作用，可说是介乎助动词和情态动词之间的词，它们的作用和can，may，must有很多相近之处。为了方便，也把它们放在本专题中讨论。二、be的基本用法1）be作助动词，主要用来构成：各种进行时态例句：The leaves are turning red.树叶渐渐地变红了。例句：He was groping in the dark,so to speak.可以说他还在黑暗中摸索。例句：Come on time.We'll be expecting you.准时来，我们会等着你。各种被动语态例句：Not a cloud was to be seen.看不到一片云彩。例句：The trip has been canceled.这次旅行取消了。各种被动形式例句：He was there being trained as an astronaut.他在那里被培训为宇航员。例句：He asked to be sent to work abroad.他请求被派去国外工作。例句：Knowledge has to be improved,challenged and increased constantly,or it vanished.知识要不断地发展，受到挑战，再增长，否则它就会消失。2）be用作其他类动词用作系动词例句：Now is now,and then was then.此一时，彼一时也。例句：Remember your father's directions and be a good girl.记住你爸爸的话，做个好姑娘。例句：He had (has) been in Tibet for five years.他已经在西藏呆了五年。例句：Whatever is is right.存在的就是合理的。用作不及物动词（表示发生某事或存在某种情况）例句：I think,so I am.我思故我在。例句：How long ago was it ?这是多久以前的事？例句：All shall be well,Jack shall have Jill.有情人终成眷属。例句：I'm sorry Sir. The meeting's already been.对不起，先生。会已经开过了。3）be+不定式结构打算做某事或计划好要做某事（意思接近于be going to）例句：I am to edit a volume of Irish Fairy Tales.我打算编一本爱尔兰童话。例句：To be wise is to think of everything beforehand.聪明就是事前考虑一切事情。例句：True wisdom consists not only in seeing what is before your eyes,but in foreseeing what is to come.真正的智慧不仅在于能看清眼前的一切，而且能够预见将来。不定式可用完成形式，表示“本来打算”：例句：I was to have seen him yesterday,but he didn't come.我本来昨天可以见到他的，但他没来。例句：The mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was (taken) ill last night.市Z原本要来主持奠基典礼的，但昨晚生病了。该做某事（接近于should，must，ought to，have to等）例句：Suppose he comes here,what am I to tell him ?假如他到这里来，我该对他讲什么？例句：You are not to smoke in the room.你不可以在放家里抽烟。能做某事（接近于can，may）例句：Not a sound was to be heard.听不到一丁点儿声音。例句：How am I to pay such a debt ?这笔债我怎么还得起？例句：We Chinese people are not to be bullied.我们中国人不是好欺辱的。将来必然要发生的事例句：The worst is still to come.更糟糕的事还在后头。例句：They said goodbye,little knowing they were never to meet again.他们互相道别，不知道彼此将再也不会见面了。三、have的基本用法1）have作助动词，主要用来构成：完成时态和完成进行时态例句：He has eaten many a Christmas pie.（谚）他吃过许多圣诞节糕饼。/他经历丰富。例句：She'll have arrived in Shenzhen by 6 o'clock.六点时她就会到达深圳。例句：What has she been doing since ?此后她一直在做什么？例句：Have you been waiting long ?你等好久了吗？完成形式例句：I regretted having been so rude to him.我懊悔对他那样粗鲁无礼。例句：Not having got an answer,he was rather worried.由于没有得到回音，他很着急。例句：Life has taught me to think,but thinking has not taught me to live.生活教会了我思考，但思考却没有教会我生活。2）have作及物动词的用法Have是一个非常活跃的及物动词，可以：表示所属关系例句：Bad news has wings.（谚）好事不出门，坏事传千里。例句：If you have great talents,industry will improve them;if you have but moderate abilities,industry will supply their deficiency.如果你颇有天赋，勤勉会使其更加完美；如果你能力平平，勤勉会补之不足。例句：I have only one life and it's short enough,why waste it on things I don't want most ?人只有一次生命，且人生苦短，为什么在最不必要的事情上浪费时间呢？常有较灵活的译法：例句：Life is constantly pounding you from the outside with millions of hammer blows,but you have the last word as to how those blows will change you.人生中，经常有无数来自外部的打击。但这些打击究竟对你产生怎样的影响，最终决定权在你手中。例句：We all live under the same sky,but we don't all have the same horizon.我们都生活在同一天空下，但各自的起点不同。例句：She has a happy childhood.她童年很幸福。和许多名词连用表示动作Have a long walk长时间散步Have a chat (with) （和.）聊天Have a look at瞧（某物）Have a drink of water喝一杯水Have a wash洗一洗Have a swim游一会儿泳Have a rest休息一会儿Have a read看一会儿书Have a good lying好好躺一会儿Have a quarrel (with)（和.）吵一架Have a win in a competition比赛获胜Have a smoke抽一支烟表示“吃”、“喝”、“患（病）”等例句：Will you have a cigarette?要不要抽根烟。例句：They are having fish for supper.他们晚饭要吃鱼。例句：Everybody here has the influenza.这里人人都患流感。3）构成某些句型have+名（代）词+（不带to的）不定式-让某人做某事例句：If you would have another keep a secret,keep it first yourself.若要别人保守秘密，首先要从自己做起。例句：Sometimes I would rather have people take away years of my life than take away a moment.有时我宁愿别人夺走我几年的时间，也不愿他们占有我某一短暂时刻。have+名（代）词+过去分词-让（别人）做某事或遭遇某事例句：She's having her eyes tested.她在测视力。例句：Pa's had his hands burned.爸爸的手被烫了。例句：The pilot had his plane hijacked.飞机被劫持了。have+名（代）词+现在分词-让某人做某事；让某事发生例句：He tried to have her talking,but no use.他设法让她说话，但没有用。例句：We can't have that sort of things happening.我们不能允许那种事情发生。have（got）to不得不例句：The better we feel about ourselves,the fewer times we have to knock somebody else down to feel tall.我们的自我感觉越良好，我们就越不用着把别人打倒在地才觉得自己高大。例句：Wise men talk because they have something to say;fools,because they have to say something.明智的人说话是因为他们有话要说，愚蠢的人说话时因为他们不得不说。例句：If we can not get what we like,we have to like what we can get.（谚）随遇而安。have got （=have）例句：I've got one or two things to see to.我有一两件事要办理。例句：What's that got to do with you ?那和你有什么关系？例句：It was leukemia that she had got.她患的是白血病。四、do的基本用法1）do作助动词的用法作为助动词，do可以用来：构成疑问句和否定句例句：Didn't she sing well ?她唱得真好！例句：He lives here,doesn't he ?他在这里住，对吧？例句：I don't ask for the meaning of the song of a bird or the rising of the sun on a misty morning.There they are,and they are beautiful.我不想知道鸟鸣的含意或太阳在雾蒙蒙的早晨升起的意义。他们就这样，这样很美。例句：One tree does not make a forest;one flower does not make a spring.（谚）独木不成林，一花不成春。加在动词前表示强调例句：The fool does think he is wise,but the wise knows himself to be a fool.（谚）愚者自以为智，智者则有自知之明。例句：I do hope you'll come to China again.我真希望你将再次来中国。例句：Please! Do be quiet a moment !求求你们！请安静一会儿！用来表示刚提到的动作，以避免重复例句：She doesn't drive but I do.他不会开车，但我会。例句：-You left the door open.你没关门。-So I did.没错。2）do作及物动词的用法和名（代）词连用，表示“做（某事）”例句：What we do during working hours determines what we have;what we do in our leisure hours determines what we are.我们在工作时间做得事决定了我们拥有什么；我们在闲暇时间做的事情确定了我们是什么样的人。例句：Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily.只有耐心地完成简单工作的人，才能够轻而易举地完成困难之事。可用于被动结构：What's to be done ?该怎么办？和动名词连用例句：A diplomat is a fellow that lets you do all the talking while he gets what he wants.外交家就是这样一个人，他让你一直说话，而他却得到了他想要的东西。例句：She did lots of acting when she was at university.她在读大学时演过很多戏。和一些表示物件的名词连用，表示“梳”、“刷”等例句：Let's do the Eiffel Tower today and the Pompidou Center tomorrow.咱们今天去参观埃菲尔铁塔，明天游览蓬皮杜中心。例句：Jane spends ages doing her hair in the morning.简早上会花很长时间弄头发。例句：Can you do the rooms now ?你现在能打扫房间吗？3）do作不及物动词的用法表示工作、学习等方面的情况例句：Say well is good,but do well is better.与其夸夸其谈，不如埋头苦干。例句：How are you doing in your new job ?你的新工作干得怎么样？例句：The patient is doing well.病人康复情况良好。表示“行”、“够了”、“合适”、“可以”等例句：I've got some linen here,will it do?我这儿有一些亚麻布，能用吗？例句：This place would do for a gymnasium.这地方可以作体育馆。例句：That jacket won't do for skiing.这件夹克衫不适合滑雪。例句：Will 5 do?五英镑够吗？五、will的基本用法1）用于将来时态（各种人称后都可以用）例句：Will you be taking your leave in South Africa ?你准备在南非度假吗？例句：It looks as if he won't be in time for the train.看来他好像赶不上火车了。2）用于疑问句表示请求例句：Shut the door,will you ?把门关上好吗？例句：Will you be staying the night ?你在这里住宿吗？例句：Won't you take off your overcoat ?你不把大衣脱掉吗？3）用于各个人称，表示：愿意，肯例句：She won't so much as look at David.她连看大卫一眼都不肯。例句：Please come over the weekend if you will.如果你愿意，请来度周末。例句：I will have nothing to do with this matter.我不愿和这事扯上关系。决心，承诺例句：I won't give her a divorce.我不会和她离婚。例句：I won't let her down in any way.我绝不会让她失望。习惯，倾向，特性例句：Boys will be boys.男孩终究是男孩。例句：She will ask very strange questions.她总是问一些稀奇古怪的问题。规律性的，“注定会”例句：You will fail if you don't work hard.不努力注定要失败的。例句：Man will die without air.没有空气，人注定要死亡。命令，叮嘱例句：You will report to the headquarters right today.你今天就去总部报到。例句：You will not mention this meeting to anyone.你不得向任何人提及这次会议。例句：No one will leave the examination room before 12 o'clock.十二点之前谁也不准离开考场。猜测例句：This will be the book you are looking for.这可能是你正在找的那本书。例句：I knew his father,Professor White - you'll have heard of him.我认识他父亲怀特教授，想必你听过他的。六、would的基本用法1）作助动词的用法用来构成过去将来时态（各人称后均可以用）例句：After her trip to Paris,she would return on Saturday morning.巴黎之行后她会于星期天早上回来。例句：He asked if I would accept his invitation.他问我是否接受他的邀请。用来委婉地提出请求、问题、看法等例句：I'm sure he wouldn't mind your going.我肯定他不会介意你去。例句：Would you kindly send me his address ?劳驾，可否把他的地址寄给我？例句：I think that would be the most convenient time for us.我想这对我们是最适合的时间。2）用于虚拟语气用于虚拟条件句例句：He would be delighted if you went to see him.你要是去看他，他会很高兴。例句：If we were men,we would be doing something now.如果我们是男人，我们现在就会采取行动。例句：The soul would have no rainbow had the eyes no tears.若非一番寒彻骨，哪得梅花扑鼻香。用于含蓄条件句例句：Hurry up! It would be a pity to miss the beginning of the play.快点，要是看不到戏的开头就太遗憾了。例句：I would have taken a firm stand.（如果是我）我会采取坚定的立场。用于其他情况例句：I wish the sun would come out.但愿太阳会出来。例句：She worried for fear that her child would be hurt.她很担心，唯恐孩子受到伤害。例句：She burned the letters so that her husband would never read them.他把这些信烧掉，这样她丈夫就永远不会看到了。3）（用于过去情况）表示“愿意”、“肯”、“会”等（也可以说是will的过去形式）例句：However I tried,he just wouldn't listen.不管我怎样努力，他就是不听。例句：She would not go to the dentist even though she was in considerable pain.尽管牙疼的厉害，她仍不愿意去看牙医。例句：I had to obey whether I would or not.不管我愿不愿意，我都得服从。可用在虚拟条件句的从句中：I should be obliged if you wouldn't George me.如果你不能叫我乔治，我会很感激。4）表示过去的习惯性动作或倾向例句：When he was young he would often walk in these woods.他年轻时常常在这些树林里散步。例句：The wound would not heal.伤口老不愈合。5）表示猜测例句：I'd say she's about 40.我猜她有四十岁左右。例句：That would be in spring,1989.那大概是在1989年春天。例句：I thought you would have some back.我想你可能已经回来了。6）用在一些结构中例句：Would you like me to come along with you ?要我跟你一起吗？例句：I'd be only too glad to help.我很高兴帮忙。例句：I'd hate to leave you.我真不愿意离开你们。例句：I'd sooner go home.我宁愿回家去。七、shall的基本用法1）作助动词的用法主要用于第一人称，构成疑问句以征求对方意见例句：What shall I get for dinner ?我用什么来做晚餐。例句：Let's sing together,shall we ?我们一起唱歌吧？例句：Shall we say 6 o'clock,then ?那么，我们就定在六点钟，好吗？在英式英语中也可用肯定句和否定句中（现在用will的人可能更多一些），构成将来时态例句：We shall not be arriving until ten o'clock.我们要到十点钟才到。例句：Truth may be blamed,but shall never be shamed.2）在英式英语中可用在比较文气的语言中，表示“规定”、“许诺”、“命令”、“警告”等例句：All payments shall be made by the end of the month.所有款必须月底前付清。（规定）例句：If you really want a pony,you shall have one.如果你确实需要小马，我就给你一匹。（许诺）例句：He shall be sorry for it one day,I tell you.有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）例句：She shall not stay under my roof.你不得留在我家。（命令）八、should的基本用法1）作助动词的用法在英式英语中should可用于第一人称，构成过去将来时态（在口语中用would更多一些）：例句：I never thought I should (would)see you again.我以为再也见不到你了。例句：I should (would) be most grateful if you could do it for me.如果你能帮我做这事，我会非常感激。2）作情态动词-表示“应该（当）”（接近于ought to）例句：If you reveal your secrets to the wind,you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.如果你将秘密告诉风，就不要怪风将秘密泄露给树。例句：We should not let our fears hold us back from pursuing our hopes.我们不应该让恐惧阻碍我们追求希望。后面可用完成时等形式：例句：What you should have done is to call the police.你本该叫警察来。例句：You should have been helping Tom.你本应当在帮助汤姆。例句：You shouldn't be reading a novel.You should be reading a textbook.此刻你不应当在看小说，而应当在看课本。3）用在某些句子中使语气显得更委婉（仅用于第一人称）例句：I should like to phone my lawyer.我想给我律师打个电话。例句：I should advise you not to do that.我倒是劝你别这么做。4）用在某些宾语从句中构成谓语（美式英语常用动词原形）例句：I suggest that we should leave early for the airport.我建议我们早点动身去机场。例句：He arranged that I should go abroad.他安排我出国。例句：They asked that relief work should be given priority.他们要求优先处理救济事务。5）用在某些主语从句中构成谓语（美式英语常用动词原形）例句：It is advisable that everyone should have a map.最好每人都带一张地图。例句：It is his suggestion that I should come round to you.他建议我来找你。6）有时should可用在某些从句甚至主句中，带有感情色彩（可译为“竟然”等）例句：It's odd that she should react in this way.很奇怪，她竟然做出这样的反应。例句：I don't know why you should think that I did it.我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。7）用在虚拟条件句中（英式英语中）用在主句中的第一人称后（这时用would的人较多）例句：I should have gone to the party if she had invited me.要是她邀请我，我会去参加聚会的。例句：I should not have laughed if I had thought you were serious.如果我认为你是认真的，我就不会笑了。用在条件从句中（主句谓语可用虚拟语气、祈使语气或陈述语气）例句：I could persuade her to make room for you should it be necessary.如果有必要，我可以说服她给你腾地方。例句：If I should go to Europe this summer,I would probably go by ship.倘若我今年夏天去欧洲的话，我很可能坐船去。8）用在某些由in case，so that，lest等引导的状语从句中例句：I'll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我给你留个座位以备你改变主意。例句：She had it under the pillow so that he should not see it.她把它藏在枕头下面以防他看到。例句：He paused,lest he should say too much.他停了下来，唯恐说得太多。9）表示猜测例句：With her talent and experience,she should do well for herself.凭着她的才能和经验，她自己应能做得很好。例句：I should imagine it will take about three hours.我推测这大约要三个小时。例句：I should say she's over forty.我猜她有四十多岁了。