专题资料（2021-2022年）Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科.doc

The Enneagram(also sometimes called Enneagon)is a nine-pointed geometric figure.Theterm derives from two Greek words-ennea(nine)and grammos(something written ordrawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I.Gurdjieff,who introduced it in histeachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws.Gurdjieff did notdisclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem ofsecret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teachingsystems.In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its usewith what is often called the Enneagram of Personality.The fundamental concepts of theEnneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon,using the same points as theregular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms:9/2 and 9/4 connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively.Thereis also a star figure,9/3,made from the regular enneagon points but connected as acompound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I.Gurdjieff and his FourthWay teaching tradition.His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does nothave any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points.Inscribed within the circle is a triangle takingin points 9,3 and 6.The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclicfigure 1-4-2-8-5-7.The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagramsexplanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff,the enneagram is the symbol of the law of seven and the law ofthree combined(the two fundamental laws which govern the universe),and therefore theenneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon,cosmos,process in life,or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateGurdjieffs concept of the evolution of the three types of food necessary for a man:ordinaryfood,air and impressions.Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stageand the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve asthe notes;a concept which is derived from Gurdjieffs idea of the law of seven.In an octave thedeveloping process comes to a critical point(one of the triangle points)at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue.This concept is best illustrated on the keys of thepiano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point.The adjacent whitekeys which are missing a black key(half note)in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between.In order that this point would pass onto the next,an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9(theending point of a previous process).The process can continue until it reaches point 3.At point threean external aid is needed in order that the process continues.If it doesnt receive the help,theprocess will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved.The processcontinues until point 6,and later 9,where a similar push is needed.If the process passes point 9,the initial process will end,while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieffs students-principally P.D.Ouspensky,Maurice Nicoll,J.G.Bennett and RodneyCollin.They developed Gurdjieffs ideas and left their own accounts.There is an extensivebibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff.The foundation preserves Gurdjieffs music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G.Bennett and his associates.Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as tosomething as spiritual as the Beatitudes.It is currently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from(established in U.S.Court 970 F.2d 1067,1075.2nd Circuit,1992)partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo.,the Bolivian-bornfounder of the Arica School(established in 1968).No evidence has appeared before Ichazosofferings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as ego fixations or personalitytypes or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as atypology.All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazosoriginal teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic andrepetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagramfigure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of thehuman psyche.The purpose of Ichazos teachings was to help people transcend theiridentification with-and the suffering caused by-their own mechanistic thought and behaviorpatterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuateitself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such.From this,Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival(Conservation,Relations andAdaptation)and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation(Sexual and Spiritual).With abaseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model,the Fixations were defined asaberrations from this baseline,much as the DSM is an observationally based tool forrecognizing personality disorders.In fact,Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSMDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are theprecursor to mental illness.Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience ofpsychological trauma a child suffers when the childs expectations are not met in eachrespective Instinct.Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations,it is inevitablethat the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter ofone of the three fundamental attitudes(attracted,unattracted or disinterested are the onlypossible attitudes),and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought andbehavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma.This basic,irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possibleattitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity,analyzedwith Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based.Assuch,the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested.The idea ofPersonality Types is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond thetheory of ego Fixations,and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of theEnneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to sointerpret it.Thus we understand why there is no specific,solid agreement among the variousproponents of Personality as something objective and anything more than a proposition toobfuscate human suffering.By understanding ones Fixations and through self observation,the hold on the mind,andsuffering caused by the Fixations,is reduced and even transcended.There was never anintention or purpose in Ichazos original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulatewhat is essentially a source of human suffering.Therefore almost all later interpretations of theEnneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided andpsychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful(in the sense of coming to see onesprocess as such)in light of his original intentions.In other words,the Enneagram Movementcan be considered,in most cases,to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis forthe personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazos partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted anddeveloped by a number of others,first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist,Claudio Naranjo,whowas a member of a training program in Arica,Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969.Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of hisAmerican students,including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate anumber of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality(also often called Enneatypes)are psychologically connected.These nine types are oftengiven names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics.Such namesare insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study andobservation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One:Reformer,Critic,Perfectionist-This type focuses on integrity.Ones can be wise,discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth.They also tend to dissociate themselvesfrom their flaws or what they believe are flaws(such as negative emotions)and can becomehypocritical and hyper-critical of others,seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices.The Ones greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection.The correspondingdeadly sin Ones is Anger and their holy idea or essence is Holy Perfection.Under stressOnes express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two:Helper,Giver,Caretaker-Twos,at their best,are compassionate,thoughtful andastonishingly generous;they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior,clinginess andmanipulation.Twos want,above all,to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love.The corresponding deadly sin of Twos is Pride and their holy idea or essence is Holy Will.Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three:Achiever,Performer,Succeeder-Highly adaptable and changeable.Some walk theworld with confidence and unstinting authenticity;others wear a series of public masks,actingthe way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self.Threes aremotivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful.The corresponding deadlysin of Threes is Deceit and their holy idea or essence is Holy Law.Under stress Threesexpress qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four:Romantic,Individualist,Artist-Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find aplace in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance.Foursembrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive.However,they have ahabit of withdrawing to internalize,searching desperately inside themselves for something theynever find and creating a spiral of depression.The corresponding deadly sin of Fours is Envyand their holy idea or essence is Holy Origin.Under stress Fours express qualities of Twosand when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five:Observer,Thinker,Investigator-Fives are motivated by the desire to understand theworld around them,specifically in terms of facts.Believing they are only worth what theycontribute,Fives have learned to withdraw,to watch with keen eyes and speak only when theycan shake the world with their observations.Sometimes they do just that.However,someFives are known to withdraw from the world,becoming reclusive hermits and fending off socialcontact with abrasive cynicism.Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to becapable and knowledgeable above all else.The corresponding deadly sin of the Five isAvarice and their holy idea or essence is Holy Omniscience.Under stress Fives expressqualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six:Loyalist,Devils Advocate,Defender-Sixes long for stability above all else.They exhibitunwavering loyalty and responsibility,but once betrayed,they are slow to trust again.They areprone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior.Their greatest fear is to lacksupport and guidance.The corresponding deadly sin of the Six is Cowardice and their holyidea or essence is Holy Faith and Strength.Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threesand when relaxed qualities of Nines.There are two kinds of Sixes-phobic and counterphobic.Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixesare more likely to confront their fears.Seven:Enthusiast,Adventurer,Materialist,Epicure-Sevens are adventurous,and busy withmany activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus.At their best theyembrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment;but at their worst theydash frantically from one new experience to another,too scared of disappointment to actuallyenjoy themselves.Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life inall of its richness.The corresponding deadly sin of Sevens is Gluttony and their holy idea oressence is Holy Wisdom.Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxedqualities of Fives.Eight:Leader,Protector,Challenger-Eights value personal strength and they desire to bepowerful and in control.They concern themselves with self-preservation.They are naturalleaders,who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative,ruthless,andwilling to destroy anything in their way.Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies,and fear being harmed or controlled by others.The corresponding deadly sin of the Eight isLust and their holy idea or essence is Holy Truth.Under stress Eights express qualities ofFives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine:Mediator,Peacemaker,Preservationist-Nines are ruled by their empathy.At their bestthey are perceptive,receptive,gentle,calming and at peace with the world.On the other hand,they prefer to dissociate from conflicts;they indifferently go along with others wishes,or simplywithdraw,acting via inaction.They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneouslyunderstand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else.The correspondingdeadly sin of the Nine is Sloth and their holy idea or essence is Holy Love.Under stressNines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a persons Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations,their personalitycharacteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eightfixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers a