非谓语动词的用法比较- 高三英语一轮复习素材.doc
高考英语语法总复习:非谓语动词的用法比较非谓语动词共有四种形式:不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。以动词do为例,非谓语动词的各种形式和功能总结如下:由上表可以看出非谓语动词的各种形式在意义上和句法上有相交叉的区域,因此认真区分它们的用法对于准确理解和表达英语是很有帮助的。(一)不定式和动名词作主语的区别不定式和动名词都可作主语,动名词多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的感念或一个已经完成了的动作,强调的是事情本身;而不定式则表示具体的某一次行为或将来的动作,强调的是动作本身,不过有时二者之间却别很小。例句:To look after these naughty boys is really difficult.照看这些淘气的孩子真是有点难。例句:Not to know is bad,not wish to know is worse.不知道是可悲的,不想知道更可悲。例句:Speaking comes by nature,silence by understanding.说话出自天性,沉默出自智慧。例句:Constant dropping wears away a stone.滴水穿石。(二)不定式和动名词作宾语的区别1)作动词的宾语有些动词只能用不定式作宾语。大部分动词属于这一类,如want,claim,hope,desire,wish,demand,agree,long,expect等。例句:Don't claim to know what you don't know.不要不懂装懂。例句: He agreed to let me go home early.他同意让我早点回家。有些动词只能用动名词作宾语。此类动词有avoid,enjoy,imagine,allow,permit,forbid,advise,suggest,finish,fancy,miss,escape等。例句:He keeps putting off till tomorrow,for he thinks another tomorrow follows tomorrow.明日复明日,明日何其多。例句:We won't allow smoking here.我们这里不允许抽烟。例句:I can't imagine working under such conditions.我想象不出在这样的条件下工作的情形。有些动词后跟不定式和动名词意义相差不大。此类动词主要有like,hate,begin,start,prefer,continue等。例句:I smelt a rat when he started being/to be so helpful !他主动帮起忙来,我怀疑其中另有文章。例句:I like walking/to walk to school.我喜欢走着去上学。例句:No matter how far removed my dreams may seem,they are still possible as long as I continue to pursue/pursuing them.只要我不断追求,不管我的那些梦看起来多么遥远,它们都是可能实现的。有些动词后跟动名词和动词不定式意义相差不大。此类动词主要有try,regret,forget,remember,can't help,mean等。例句对比:He tried to stand up but failed.他尽力站起来但没成功。If you can't say it,try writing it out.如果不能说出来,试着把它写出来。例句对比:Please remember to write to me.请记得给我来信。I still remember living with Jane in Canada.我依然记得在加拿大与简住在一起的情形。例句对比:I am so busy that I can't help to finish the work.我太忙了不能帮助完成工作了。At the funny story,I couldn't help laughing.听到这个滑稽的故事,我禁不住笑了起来。2)做介词的宾语介词的宾语一般由动名词充当,独立的不定式不能作介词的宾语,此时可用“疑问词+不定式”替代。例句:She devoted her whole life to teaching.她把毕生精力都献给了教育事业。例句:Men talk of killing time,while time quietly kills them.人们闲谈以消磨时间,而时间也在悄悄消磨他们的生命。例句:We're talking about where to setup a school shopping center.我们正在讨论在哪里建立一个校园购物中心。例句:He gave me advice on how to quit smoking.他给我提出了一些如何戒烟的建议。(三)不定式、 动名词、现在分词、过去分词作表语的区别1)表示一定的概念,具有名词性质,不定式和动名词可以互换例句:My hobby is collecting/to collect ancient coins.我的爱好是搜集古币。例句:My part-time job is teaching/to teach yoga in a school.我的兼职工作是在一所学校教瑜伽。2)表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时,一般用不定式例句:My wish is to find a part-time job this summer.我希望今年夏天能找到一份兼职工作。例句:The plan is to set aside a day for the interview.计划安排一天进行面试。例句:Our aim is to help the old lead a happy life.我们的目标就是让老人过上幸福的晚年。3)现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词的特征此类现在分词和过去分词已经具有明显的形容词特征,因此可以作为形容词。现在分词作表语,表示主动意味,过去分词作表语表示被动意味。例句:The story is very moving.这个故事很感人。例句:Your speech is very encouraging.你的演讲很激励人。例句:I was disappointed at this decision.我对这一决定感到失望。(四)不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词作定语的区别不定式作定语应放在被修饰词的后面;动名词作定语一般表示某种用途,放在被修饰词前面;单个的现在分词作定语往往可放在被修饰词前面,也可放在后面,视情况而定,现在分词短语作定语放在被修饰词后面;单个过去分词作定语往往置于被修饰词前面,过去分词短语作定语置于被修饰词后面。1)不定式作定语往往表示未发生的动作或通常发生的动作例句:The school to be built next month is intended for disabled children.下个月要建的学校是专为残疾儿童建的。例句:He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个走。2)动名词作定语往往表示某种用途A walking stick拐杖(=a stick which is used for walking)A measuring tape量尺(=a tape which is used for measuring)A washing machine洗衣机(=a machine which is used for washing)A reading room阅览室(=a room which is used for reading)3)现在分词作定语形容词性的现在分词作定语往往放在被修饰词前面,表示某种主动意义A moving movie感人的电影An interesting experience一次有趣的经历A disappointed result令人失望的结果A boring meeting一次令人厌烦的会议单个现在分词作定语往往放在被修饰词前面,表示正在进行,偶尔置于其后The rising sun冉冉升起的太阳A changing situation不断变化的形式A falling tree正在倒下的树A developing country发展中国家现在分词短语作定语置于被修饰词后面例句:We will immediately get rid of the worry and burden coming with our greediness.我们要立即抛弃与我们的贪婪俱来的焦虑和负担。例句:The music being played(which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar.正在演奏的这首钢琴曲听起来很熟悉。注意!现在分词的完成式一般不作定语,除非为非限制性定语。This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years (×)This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years.()这就是讨论了多年的那个问题。短暂性现在分词的一般式一般不可用作后置定语。Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists.(×)Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.()应邀参加这次晚会的大多数人是著名的科学家。Being+a.不能单独作后置定语Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.(×)Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here.()4)to be done,being done,done,having been done作定语的区别这四种形式都可以表示被动,同时都可作定语,但它们在作定语时,是有明显区别的。To be done表示“即将被做”,being done表示“正在被做”,done表示“已被做完”或表示“完成”,having been done一般不作限制性定语,作定语时,其前常用逗号与被修饰词隔开。例句:The question to be discussed tomorrow involves pollution.明天要讨论的问题涉及污染问题。例句:The question being discussed now involves pollution.涉及污染的问题现在正在讨论。例句:The question discussed yesterday involves pollution.涉及污染的问题昨天讨论过。例句:The question,having been discussed for years,involves pollution.涉及污染的问题已讨论了多年。(五)不定式、现在分词、过去分词作补足语的区别1)不定式和现在分词作补足语的区别现在分词作补足语往往补充说明宾语正在进行的行为,而不定式往往表示做事的整个过程。例句:I saw him enter the hall.我看见他进了大厅。(进入大厅的过程)例句:I saw him walking into the hall.我看见他正在走进大厅。(表示正走进大厅的行为)2)done,to be done作补足语的区别有些动词既可跟done形式作补足语,也可跟to be done作补足语。Done形式作宾语补足语强调动作的结果,而to be done作宾语补足语强调动作的过程。但现在的倾向是:want,wish,desire,like,expect,would like,would prefer等表“意愿”的动词后的宾语补足语如果用的是不定式被动语态,可省略to be,从而使语气显得更为毅然决然。例句:We would like all the walls (to be) painted white.我们想把所有的墙都涂成白色。例句:Every one of us would expect our salaries (to be ) raised.任何人都希望涨工资。例句:We all don't want the land (to be) built on.我们都不希望在这片土地上搞建筑。注意!有些动词(如see,hear,watch,notice,observe等)后既可跟done,也可跟being done作宾语补足语,前者表示被动完成,后者表示正在被进行。例句:I have never heard this song sung in English.我从未听过用英语唱这首歌。例句:I can hear this song being sung in the hall now.我能听见有人正在大厅内演唱这首歌。(六)不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别1)不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别不定式作结果状语可以表示出乎意料的结果,不定式前常加上only以示强调;现在分词作结果状语主要表示一种顺承的因果关系(即前面是后面的原因)。例句:He left home,never to return.他离家出走,再也没回来。例句:We arrived there only to find the meeting over.我们到达那里时却发现会议已经结束了。例句:The snow lasted a month,causing great damage.雪下了一个月,造成了巨大损失。例句:The pop star didn't turn up,disappointing all her fans.那位流行歌星没有露面,让她所有的歌迷都很失望。2)done,being done,having been done作状语的区别三者都表示被动,一般说来表示伴随的状语可以用being done,但一般被done取代。Having been done往往强调发生在主句谓语动作之前完成,或已经持续一段时间的动作或状语,如果不强调时间先后或持续一段时间,则直接用done形式。例句:The boy was running along the street,(being) followed by a dog.小男孩沿着街道跑,后面跟着一条狗。例句:(Being) Led by the local guide,we went further into the virgin forest.在当地向导的带领下,我们走进了原始森林的深处。例句:Brought up abroad,he knows little about his hometown.他在国外长大,因此对自己的故乡了解得很少。例句:Having been well tended for half a year,the patient became far better.被细心照料半年后,这位病人情况好转了很多。(七)独立主格结构独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构,可以理解为一个在句中作状语的短语,主要有两部分构成:逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。独立主格结构用于修饰整个句子。其位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句中或主句末,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构具有两个特点:独立主格的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。独立主格结构主要分为两种,一种为“逻辑主语+非谓语动词”结构,一种是“逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等”结构。此外,“with+复合宾语”结构也看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。1.非谓语动词独立主格结构“名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。1)不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态,在句中常作原因状语,偶尔作条件状语。例句:No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.如果没人叫醒我,我会错过第一节课的。(=If no one wakes me up.)例句:Lots of work to do,I have to work extra hours.由于有很多工作要做,我不得不加班。(=As/Because I have lots of work to do.)2)现在分词构成的独立主格结构现在分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语;如果现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应在动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语,这便构成了现在分词的独立主格结构,在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和方式状语。例句:All the students having sat down,the lecture began.(=After all the students having sat down.)所有学生坐好之后,讲座就开始了。(时间状语)例句:His hand waving in the air,the little boy ran away.(=As his hand was waving in the air.)小男孩的手在空中摇晃着跑开了。(伴随状语)例句:Time permitting,we will answer your questions after the discussion.如果时间允许的话,我们将在讨论后回答你的问题。(条件状语)3)过去分词构成的独立主格结构过去分词独立主格结构是“逻辑主语+过去分词”,在句中作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。表示时间例句:The test finished,we'll have our summer vacation.考试结束以后,我们会放暑假。例句:The signal given,the train started.信号发出后,火车启东。表示方式或伴随例句:When in trouble,Sadie would sit alone,head bent.赛迪遇到麻烦时,总是独自坐着,头低着。例句:Jim was listening attentively to the lecture,all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座,所有注意力全用在上面了。表示原因例句:Thousands of eyes fixed upon her,Nora felt on edge.(=As thousands of eyes were fixed upon her.)上千只眼睛盯着她,若拉感到紧张。例句:Many funny pictures included in this book,a great many children love reading it.这本书包括很多有趣的图片,所以很多孩子喜欢阅读。表示条件例句:The book written in simple English,we can accept it more easily.(=If the book is written in simple English.)如果这本书用简易英语写的话,我们会更容易接受。例句:More time given,we can finish the book.(=If more time is given.)如果给我们更多的时间,我们能完成这项工作。注意!“名词/代词+非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构中,运用不定式、现在分词和过去分词意义是不同的。不定式往往表示没有发生或即将发生的动作或状态,现在分词表示正在进行的动作或状态,过去分词往往表示已经完成的行为。例句:So much work to do,I will have to work this Sunday.有这么多工作要做,这个星期天我不得不加班。例句:So much work done,I had a nice holiday.这么多的工作做完了,我过了一个愉快的假期。例句:So much work being done,I can't spare any minute.我正在做这么多的工作,一分钟也腾不出来。2.其他形式的独立主格结构英语中最常见的独立主格结构是“逻辑主语+非谓语动词”结构,这种独立主格结构称为“有动词独立主格结构”,另外还有一类无动词独立主格结构,在英语中运用也比较频繁。这种结构往往看作是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being,主要有如下几种情况。1)逻辑主语+名词名词或代词构成的独立主格结构形式为“逻辑主语+名词”,主要用于补充说明某一情况或表示方式。例句:Many people come to visit the city,most of them foreigners.很多人来参观这个城市,其中大多数是外国人。例句:Many Christmas gifts were sent out,some of them books.发放出去很多圣诞礼物,其中一些是书籍。2)逻辑主语+形容词例句:The little girl entered the room,her face red with cold.小女孩走进房间,脸冻红了。例句:The old worker emerged from under the car,his hands dirty with machine oil.老工人从轿车下面钻了出来,手上沾满了机油。3)逻辑主语+副词例句:The music on,I can't focus my mind on the work.音乐开着,我无法专心工作。例句:He pulled on his socks in a hurry,wrong side out.他匆忙地穿上袜子,结果将袜子穿反了。例句:The game over,the audience applauded.比赛结束了,观众鼓起掌来。4)逻辑主语+介词短语例句:Dark clouds in the sky,it is going to rain soon.天空乌云密布,很快就要下雨了。例句:Toy in hand,the boy stopped crying.小男孩手里拿着玩具不哭了。例句:Many people were lined along the streets,flags in hands.很多人手里拿着旗子排队站在街道旁。注意!在表示方式的独立主格结构中,为了使句子简洁明了,往往将独立主格结构中的冠词或代词省略。例句:The guard stood by the door,(a) gun in (his) hand.警卫站在门旁,手里拿着枪。例句:She came in,(a) smile on (her) face.她进来了,脸上带着笑。3.“with/without+符合宾语”结构“with/without+符合宾语”结构在句中常作原因状语、伴随状语、定语等。这种结构主要有如下几种情况:1)with+名词/代词+形容词例句:With the door open,the noise of the machine is almost deafening.门开着,机器的噪音震耳欲聋。(原因状语)例句:With the floor wet,I had to stay outside.地板是湿的,我不得不待在屋外。(原因状语)2)with+名词/代词+副词例句:The little boy sat in front of the house,with his shoes off.这个小男孩不穿鞋站在房子前面。(伴随状语)例句:I can't go to sleep with the light on.灯亮着,我无法入睡。(原因状语)例句:I prefer to read with music on.我比较喜欢听着音乐读书。(伴随状语)3)with+名词/代词+介词短语例句:With so much information on the Internet,it really takes time to search for what we need.因特网上信息这么多,需要花时间寻找我们需要的信息。(原因状语)例句:The life of man is like a long journey with a heavy load on the back.人的一生如同身背重负的长途旅行。(定语)4)with+名词/代词+不定式例句:With the boy to lead the way,we will find the cave easily tomorrow.如果小男孩带路,我们明天会很容易地找到山洞的。(条件状语)例句:With so much work to do,I can not spare a minute.有这么多活要做,我一分钟也省不出来。(原因状语)5)with+名词/代词+现在分词例句:Without anyone noticing,I stole into the room.没有人注意,我偷偷地溜进屋子。(伴随状语)例句:With so many children talking and laughing,I couldn't settle down to my work.这么多孩子又说又笑,我不能静下心工作。(原因状语)6)with+名词/代词+过去分词例句:The boy was crying with the toy broken.玩具坏了,那男孩在哭。(原因状语)例句:You should go to sleep with the light turned off.你应该把灯熄了再睡。(伴随状语)