四类动词(实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词)的用法讲解- 高考英语语法总复习.doc
四类动词(实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词)的用法讲义高考英语语法总复习实义动词的用法实义动词的概念实义动词是表示动作或状态,有完整意义,能在句中独立作谓语的动词They eat a lot of potatoes.他们吃了大量土豆。根据词尾是否接宾语实义动词可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词 ( vi. )及物动词及物动词是指后面带有宾语的动词,其后要接宾语,意义才完整宾语通常由名词、代词、动词-mg形式、动词不定式等构成He always does his homework at home.他总是在家里做作业。I have lunch at school every day.我每天在学校吃午饭。用法 :1、及物动词可用于被动语态中The work has been finished for two hours.这项工作已经完成两个小时了。The cup was broken by my brother.茶杯被我弟弟打破了。2、 及物动词可以有直接宾语、间接宾语或复合宾语He passed me the ball.他把球传给我了。Keep the classroom clean and tidy.保持室内干净、整洁。注意:常见的能带双宾语的动词有:bring, buy, cook, draw, find, get, hand, leave, end make, offer. pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, each, tell write, etc.不及物动词不及物动词本身意思完整,其后无需跟宾语实例:He spoke at the meeting.他在会上发了言。Don't look for an excuse.别找借口了。注意:很多动词既可用作及物动词又可作不及物动词如何区别它们,就看它们后面是否直接接名词作宾语He studies English very hard.他非常努力地学习英语。(及物动词)He studies very hard他学习非常努力。(不及物动词)They are playing football on the playground他们正在操场上踢足球。(及物动词)Don't play with fire.不要玩火。(不及物动词)注意:sell,feel,taste,wash,read,write 等及物动词常用作不及物动词表被动的意思用来说明主语的特征,这时主语是物不是人The silk feels soft.这丝绸摸上去很柔软。This kind of shoes sells well.这种鞋很畅销。系动词的用法系动词系动词 ( link v. ) 用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的性质、状态或身份等连系动词虽含有一定意义,但它不能单独作谓语而要与其后作表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语常见的连系动词有:be(是)become(变得)fall(变成、变得)feel(感觉)get(变成、变得)grow(变得)keep(保持)look(显得、看起来)seem(好像)turn ( 使变 )sound(听起来)smell(闻起来)taste(尝起来)go(变为,处于状态)The idea to eat in KFC sounds wonderful.去吃肯德基的主意听起来真好。The cake tastes delicious.蛋糕尝起来可口。The weather gets warmer and the day gets longer.天气变得暖和了,白昼也变长了。Later, Tom's father became a scientist.后来,汤姆的父亲成了一名科学家。My face turned red when the teacher asked me the question.当老师问我这个问题时,我的脸变红了。注意: 系动词不用于进行时和被动语态 look,smell,taste 等词,既可作连系动词,又可作实义动词。作连系动词后接形容词作表语,作实义动词时要用副词修饰。She looked happy when she heard the news and she looked happily at me她听到这个消息时看上去很高兴,同时她高兴地看着我。前一个 looked 是连系动词后接形容词 happy 作表语后一个 looked 是实义动词,用副词 happily 修饰助动词的用法助动词的概念助动词本身无词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语可用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态、语气等常见助动词有be, have, shall, should, will, would, do实例He doesn't speak English.他不说英语。(否定)Do you have a brother?你有兄弟吗?(疑问)We are playing basketball.我们正在打篮球。(时态)助动词 be 的用法1、 加现在分词,构成进行时The students are having class.学生们正在上课。2、 加过去分词,构成被动语态The letter was received yesterday.那封倍昨天被收到了。3、 be+动词不定式构成谓语可表示打算、决定、计划、安排、指示、命令、禁止、责任、义务、需要、可能性等He is to leave next week.他决定下周离开。You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow.你们明天必须交练习本。Am I to go on with the work?这工作我该不该继续于下去?助动词have的用法1、 have+过去分词构成完成时态Have有人称和数的变化,当主语是第三人称单数时要用助动词 has,而在过去时态中都要用hadI have not seen her for a long time.我好久没见到她了。By the end of last year, he had finished all his work.到去年底,他已经完成了全部工作。2、 have+been doing 构成完成进行时 I have been staying there for a day我一整天都待在那儿。注意:have 可作实义动词I have flu.我得了流感助动词do的用法1、 将do,dose,did放在句首,构成一般现在时或一般过去时的疑问句。Do you come from England?你来自英国吗?What did he tell you?他跟你说什么了?2、 do加not,构成一般现在时或一般过去时的否定形式I don't think so.我不认为这样。3、 用于替代前面出现的动词,以避免重复He swims better than I do.他游泳游得比我好。(代替动词swim)4、 放在动词原级前,用于强调Do be careful !千万要小心啦!They did come,but did nothing.他们来是来了,可什么也没做。前一个did就是用于强调,后一个did是实义动词5、 用于构成倒装 I love flowers.我喜欢花。  So do I.我也喜欢。Never did I hear of such a story.我从未听说过这样的故事。注意:do也可用作实义动词I always do some reading in the evening.我晚上总要读些书。助动词shall与will的用法shall/will+动词原形,可以构成一般将来时,表示“ 将来会.”。shall用于第一人称,will用于各种人称。There will be more trees in one hundred years.100年后将有更多的树。I shall be fifteen years old next birthday.到下一个生日,我就15岁了。助动词should与would的用法should 和 would 分别是 shall 和 will 的过去式,should/would+动词原形构成过去将来时。should 用于过去将来时态的第一人称,would 用于过去将来时态的各种人称。The weather report said that we should have rain.天气预报说,我们这儿将有雨。 The boss said that there would be a meeting tomorrow.老板说明天将有一个会议。注意:will, would,shall,should除了表示单纯的将来时间以外,更多的是用作情态动词shall,should用于第一人称表示单纯的将来时,在现代英语中分别用will,would代替情态动词的用法情态动词的概念情态动词表示说话人对所述动作或状态的态度或看法情态动词本身有词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和动词原形一起构成谓语在各种人称后都用同样的形式实例He can swim.他会游泳。Must I be here before eight tomorrow?周天我一定要在8点以前来这里吗?can 与 could 的用法1、 could是can的过去式I can speak several languages very well besides Russian and Korean除了俄语和韩语外,我还能流利地说几种语言。I couldn't speak well until l was five years old.我直到5岁才说话流利。2、 当人们现在决定将来的可能性时,常常用canWe are too busy now, but we can talk about your matter later现在我们太忙,我们可以以后讨论你的问题。We can talk about this matter later on in my home.我们可以稍后在我家讨论这个问题。3、 表达“理论上的可能性”即事件或情况可能发生但并不涉及是否真的会发生有时指一时的情况,常常译为“有时候会”It can be very hot in North China in summer.夏季华北地区会很热。Driving on these snowy roads can be very dangerous.在这些积雪的路上开车有时会很危险。4、 在否定和疑问句中,can表达可能性,有惊异、怀疑、不相信之意,这时 can 与 could 没有时间上的差异只是 could 的语气更委婉、客气或表示不确定。It couldn't be Dad. He won't be back this time of evening.不可能是父亲,他不可能晚上这个时候回来。How can that be true?I cant believe my eyes and ears.那怎么可能是真的?我真不敢相信我的眼睛5、 can/could have done表示对过去发生的事情的推测Mary can't have gone to school, for it was Sunday因为是星期天,玛丽不可能去了学校。表示征求许可时,用could比用can更加迟疑不决,当没有把握的得到允许或需要委婉表达时用could。Could I take this seat, sir, if you don't mind ?先生,如果你不介意,我可以坐这个位子吗?6、 当表示允许别人做某事时,用can而不用could Could I use your cellphone for a while ?我可以用一会儿你的手机吗? Yes,of course you can.好的,当然可以。can 与 be able to 的用法区别两者均可表示能力,有时可互换但be able to比can有更多的时态和更广泛的语法结构。Our teacher can't be in the office.我们的老师不可能在办公室。Could they have arrived there already?他们会不会已经到那儿了呢?He can/is able to drive.他会开车。He was able to/could run very fast.他可以跑得很快。He has been able to speak English now.他现在能说英语了。I hope to be able to do the work.我希望能干得了这项工作。I regret not being able to help her.我很遗憾未能帮助她。注意:如果是表示过去具体某次能够做成某事,要用was/were able to,不用could表达将来的能力时,一般用will be able to,而不用can。He worked very hard and was able to pass that examination.他学习非常努力,所以能通过那场考试。If I have fulfilled my present work tomorrow, I'll be able to join your travelling如果我明天能完成目前的任务,我就能参加你们的旅行。may 与 might 的用法might是may的过去式,用来表示委婉语气1、 表推测,意为“ 可能;也许 ”用于肯定句中He may come tomorrow.他可能明天来。2、 表请求、许可,意为“可能”用might语气要委婉些注意此时的might并不表示过去May I borrow your book?我可以借用你的书吗?3、 表祝愿May you succeed.祝你成功。4、 表示允许,用于肯定句You may go home.你可以回家了。She said I might use her bike.她说我可以用她的自行车。5、 表示客观可能性Take a raincoat with you. It may rain.带着雨衣,可能会下雨。注意:在回答 May I?这样的问题时通常避免用 Yes,you may以免显得不客气 May I go now ?我现在可以走了吗? Yes,please. / Please don't.好的。/ 请别走。must 与 have to 的用法1、 must表示“必须”时,用于肯定句或疑问句表示“禁止、不许”时,用于否定句must只有现在时,表示现在或将来的情况We must return the book to the library on time.我们必须按时把书还给图书馆。If you are ill,you must see the doctor.如果你病了,必须去看医生。2、 must表示很有把握的推断表示“必定,一定”只用于肯定句中There's someone knocking on the door. It must be jim.有人敲门。肯定是吉姆。3、 must表示自然规律或必然结果What must be will be.注定要发生的事总要发生。All men must die.人终有一死。注意:对must引导的疑问句的否定回答常用needn't Must I finish my homework now.我现在必须完成作业吗? No,you needn't.不,不必。4、 must 和 have to 虽然都表示“必须”但是have to强调因外界的压力而不得不做,即客观原因而must强调的是主观原因并且have to可用于多种时态,而must只用于一般现在时。We must obey the rules.我们必须遵循规则。It's raining hard. We have to stay at home.外面下大雨,我们只好待在家里。I'll have to look after my brother next week.下周我将不得不照顾我弟弟。(将来时)I had to go and met her at the station.我只好去车站接她。(过去时)should 的用法should作情态动词时的各种形式与作助动词时的形式相同。(1) 表示征求意见Mr. Lee asked if he should get his visa tomorrow.李先生问明天是否可以拿到签证。(2) 表达义务、职责I think today's children should really learn to respect their elders.我认为今天的孩子应当好好学习尊敬长辈。(3) 用来提供帮助、提出建议,要求对方给出意见How do you think I should deal with all kinds of rumors?你认为我应如何应对各种各样的谣言?Should I help you with the community affairs?我可以帮你做一些社区事务吗?(4) 表示说话人的特殊感情,如惊奇、愤怒、失望等It's surprising that Mary should love such a person as jack.玛丽竟然爱像杰克这样的人,真是奇怪。It's unthinkable that the boy should sing such a beautiful song.这孩子竞能唱这么好的歌,真令人难以置信。(5) 表示很大的可能性,常译为“按道理说应该”It's already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment。已经10点了,她答应10点之前来的。她随时都可能来到。(6) should have done表示“本该”You should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had expected you to昨天你应邀请我来参加宴会的。我本预料你会的。ought to 的用法ought to的否定形式为ought not to或 oughtn't ':tnt to其一般疑问句形式是将 ought 置于主句前(1) 表示职责和义务,提出要求及人们应该去做正确的事或好事Humans ought to stop polluting nature.人类应停止污染大自然了。You ought to make an apology to Joan.你应该向琼道歉。(2) 表示很大的可能性The seats ought to be enough for all the guests.这堂座位应该够所有的客人坐了。(3) 与完成时连用,表示本来该做某事而没做You are late. You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier.你来迟了。你本该早来5分钟的。情态动词 shall 的用法1、 用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或请求Shall we put off the sports meet until next month?我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月?Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?汤姆明天可以和我一起去吗?2、 用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁等You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.到明天你就会得到我的答复。Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice. 告诉杰瑞如果他表现好的话,他就会得到一份礼物。You shall be punished for what you've done.你应为你所做的受到处罚。3、 用于第三人称,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定中“应、必须”No reader shall take a book out of the library without the librarian's permission.不经管理员同意,读者不准把书带出图书馆。The National Meeting shall be held every five years全国大会每五年举行一次。Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.找们俱乐部的成员应该穿统一制服。dare 的用法主要用于疑问句或否定句中,一般不用于肯定句中作情态动词She dare not laugh.她不敢笑。Dare he go to see her?他敢去看她吗?need 的用法1、 作情态动词主要用在疑问句或否定句中,一般不用于肯定句中Need I do the washing up?要我来刷碗吗?You needn't work this Saturday.本周六你不必工作。注意由于need不能用于肯定回答,所以含有need的疑问句的肯定回答要用must Need I stay here any longer?我要在这儿待下去吗? No, you needn't. / Yes, you must.不需要。是的,需要待下去。2、 用于谈论过去表示本来不必做某事但事实上做了某事时,其后要接“have+过去分词”You needn't have told him about my plans.你本不必把我的打算告诉他。I needn't have gone to the office yesterday.昨天我本来没必要去办公室的。3、 作实义动词 可用于疑问句、否定句和肯定句Does he need to go so soon?他用得着这么快就走吗?He doesn't need to go.他不需要走。He needs to go.他想走。They need our help.他们需要我们的帮助。will 与 would 的用法作情态动词的will,would与作助动词的will,would的形式相同,但意义差别很大1、 表示意愿表示自愿做或主动提出做什么,如意志、愿望或决心等。would用于过去的情况I dare say he will come我揣测他会来的。 Mary said she would arrange everything for him.玛丽说她会为他安排好一切。2、 表示请求与you连用表示请求或要求would 比 will 更客气、委婉Will you come this way, please?你能走这条路吗?Would you open the window,please?I feel it is a little hot in here你愿意打开窗户吗?我感到这里有点儿热。3、will表示规律的“注定会”People will die without air or water.人离开水和空气将会死的。4、表示习惯或特性will用于现在,would用于过去,带有主观性This old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.这位老人很奇怪。他会坐几个小时而不说话。We would sit around grandpa after supper,listening to his stories过去晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围,听他讲故事。