可再生能源精.ppt
可再生能源第1页,本讲稿共32页Introduction of alternative sources of energyWhatisalternativesourcesofenergy什麼是另類能源Whydoweusealternativesourcesofenergy為何人類需要使用另類能源Types of alternative sources of energySolarenergy太陽能Nuclearenergy核能Biogas生物氣第2页,本讲稿共32页Alternativeenergysources(另類能源)aredefinedasanyenergysourceandcertainnon-energyapplicationsthatcanreplace or reduce(取代或減少取代或減少)theuseofconventional(傳統的)crudeoil,naturalgas,andcoal(原油,天然氣和媒).Thisisabroaddefinitionbutitishelpfulinavoidingconcentratingononlypristinealternativeenergysources,e.g.,solarenergy,windenergy,tidalenergy,biomass,etc.第3页,本讲稿共32页AlternativesourcesofenergyaremuchcleanerthanfossilfuelsTheyarepermanentsupplyTheyproducemuchlesspollutionthanfossilfuels另類能源遠比化石燃料清潔它們有無限的供應量它們產生的污染遠比化石燃料少第4页,本讲稿共32页Solarenergyisanenergyfromsunwhichisrenewableandveryclean.Itwillnotproduceanypollutionandconsumenaturalresourcesorcauseglobalwarming.Solarenergycanbeconverteddirectlyorindirectlyintootherformsofenergy,suchasheatandelectricity.Nowadays,solarenergyisusedwidelyinourlife.Ingeneral,therearetwomainmethodtotakeadvantageofsolarenergyincludingphotoelectrictransformationandopto-thermaltransformation.太陽能是來自太陽的可再生能源,它是非常清潔,而且不會產生任何污染、耗損自然資源和導致全球增溫。而太陽能可以直接或間接地轉化成其他的能量形式,如熱能和電能。今時今日,太陽能已被廣泛應用於我們的生活中。一般上,我們有兩種途徑利用太陽能,包括”光電轉換”及”光熱轉換”。第5页,本讲稿共32页Photoelectrictransformationistheconversionofsunlightintoelectricitythroughaphotovoltaic(PVs)cell(solarcell)usingtheprincipleofphotoelectriceffect.Aphotovoltaiccellisanon-mechanicaldeviceusuallymadefromsemiconductor(silicon).光電轉換意指利用光電效應的原理,以太陽能電池來把陽光轉換成電能。而太陽能電池是以矽半導體製成的。第6页,本讲稿共32页Opto-thermaltransformationistheconversionofsunlighttothermalenergyusingsolarcollector.Theenergyproducedareusedinheatingwater,heatingswimmingpool,etc.光熱轉換是指利用集熱器把陽光轉換成熱能。而所得的熱能可用作把水加熱,暖化游泳池等。第7页,本讲稿共32页RenewableenergySolarenergycomefromthesun,permanentsupplyTheprocessofproductiondonotcauseenvironmentalpollutionTheprocessofproductiondonotconsumenaturalresourcesorcauseglobalwarming可再生能源太陽能來自太陽,有源源不絕的供應製造過程不會導致環境污染製造過程不會耗損自然資源及導致全球增溫第8页,本讲稿共32页SolarpanelsareexpensivetobuildSolarenergyisintermittentLargearearequiredtocollectitatausefulrate建造太陽能板的成本十分高太陽能是間歇性的需要很大的面積才能收集足夠的太陽能以作使用第9页,本讲稿共32页1.SolarEnergyGeneratingSystems太陽能發電系統第10页,本讲稿共32页2.Solarpowertower第11页,本讲稿共32页3.Solarpanelinthespace太空的太陽能發電板第12页,本讲稿共32页4.Solarmosquitokiller太陽能滅蚊器第13页,本讲稿共32页5.Solarpanelatbusstop巴士站的太陽能板第14页,本讲稿共32页Biogascanprovideaclean,easilycontrolledsourceofrenewableenergyfromorganicwastematerialsforasmalllabourinput,replacingfirewooodorfossilfuels(whicharebecomingmoreexpensiveassupplyfallsbehinddemand).Biogasincludemarshgas、landfillgas、digestergas.Theydistinguishbytheproducinglocation.生物氣是一種來自有機廢料,清潔而且容易控制的可再生能源。它可取代柴木,化石燃料(價格由於存量下降而提升)。生物氣包括沼氣、堆填氣體、胃腸氣,由產生的地點來區分類別。第15页,本讲稿共32页lBiogasproducebytheanaerobicdigestionorfermentationoforganicmatterincludingmanure,sewagesludge,municipalsolidwaste,biodegradablewasteoranyotherbiodegradablefeedstock,underanaerobicconditions.biogasformnaturally,forexamplemarshgas.在缺氧環境下,糞肥、污水、都市固體廢物及其他生物可降解的有機物質經由無氧消化或發酵作用後,生物氣便產生。生物氣會自然形成的,例如沼氣。第16页,本讲稿共32页1.Landfill gas堆填氣體堆填氣體Landfillgasisproducedfromorganicwastedisposedofinlandfill.Thewasteiscoveredandcompressedmechanicallyandbythepressureofhigherlevels.Asconditionsbecomeanaerobictheorganicwasteisbrokendownandlandfillgasisproduced.Thisgasbuildsupandisslowlyreleasedintotheatmosphere堆填氣體由深埋在堆填區地底的廢物形成。在地底的高壓、缺氧環境下,這些有機廢物會給降解,產生堆填氣體,並會慢慢釋出。第17页,本讲稿共32页2.Digester gas腸胃氣腸胃氣Digestergasalwayscomeformcritter.腸胃氣最通常來自於牛羊等家畜。第18页,本讲稿共32页Matter%Matter%Methane,CH4甲烷甲烷50-75Hydrogen,H2氫氫0-1Carbondioxide,CO2二氧化碳二氧化碳25-50Hydrogensulphide,H2S0-3Nitrogen,N2氮氮0-10Oxygen,O2氧氧0-2Compare with natural gas,biogas contain more impurity跟天然氣比較,生物氣的雜質較多 注:The primary component of natural gas is methane 天然氣的主要成份為甲烷第19页,本讲稿共32页ReusetheorganicwastesArenewableenergyThepriceischeaperthanotherenergy,forexamplefossilfuelEasytocontrolandcollect可循環再用有機廢料一種可再生能源價格較便宜,例如化石燃料容易控制及收集第20页,本讲稿共32页AgreenhousegaswithagreaterglobalwarmingpotentialthancarbondioxideRiskofexplosiveVolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)asprecursortophotochemicalsmogToxic溫室氣體之一,且它的全球變暖潛能也比二氧化碳高爆炸性危險揮發性有機化合物會產生光化學煙霧有毒第21页,本讲稿共32页1.圓筒形水壓式沼氣池型圓筒形水壓式沼氣池型第22页,本讲稿共32页2.球形水壓式沼氣池構造簡圖球形水壓式沼氣池構造簡圖第23页,本讲稿共32页Ifbiogasiscleanedupsufficiently,biogashasthesamecharacteristicsasnaturalgas.Water(H2O),hydrogensulfide(H2S)andparticulatesareremovedifpresentathighlevelsorifthegasistobecompletelycleaned.Carbondioxideislessfrequentlyremoved,butitmustalsobeseparatedtoachievepipelinequalitygas.生物氣體只要經過淨化,其特性便能與天然氣無異,氣體供應商需去除生化氣體中的水份、硫化氫及微粒等雜質,為求使氣體更能完全燃燒,供應商會減少氣體中的二氧化碳含量。未經上述淨化程序處理的氣體有時會與天然氣混合燃燒。第24页,本讲稿共32页Inthisformthegascanbenowusedinanyapplicationthatnaturalgasisusedfor.Suchapplicationsincludedistributionviathenaturalgasgrid,electricityproduction,spaceheating,waterheatingandprocessheating.Ifcompressed,itcanreplacecompressednaturalgasforuseinvehicles,whereitcanfuelaninternalcombustionengineorfuelcells.這些經淨化的氣體在應用上也與天然氣無異,包括發電、爐具等,而經壓縮的氣體也能成為壓縮天然氣的代替品,可用在汽車的內燃機或燃料電池上。Transporttheexcretiontoacontainer,afterfermentation,biogas,whichcanbeuse,isreleased,forexample,cooking排泄物從厠所送到容器中發酵,再將釋出的生物氣送回屋中使用,例如煮食第25页,本讲稿共32页Nuclearenergyisproducedbyacontrollednuclearchainreaction,whichwillformheat,andthegenerationofelectricity.利用可控核反應來獲取能量,從而得到動力,熱量和電能。第26页,本讲稿共32页lReducethedependencefossilfuellProducehugeenergylNeedsmallquantityrawmaterialonlylltusesoveralongperiodoftimeenoughlOperatecostlowerlWillnotcauseairpollutionasitiscarbon-free-electricl減少依賴化石燃料l生產巨大能量l祇需小量原料l鈾礦蘊藏量足夠長期使用l運作成本較低(約為火力發電三分之一)l生產電力時不會造成空氣污染(無碳產生)第27页,本讲稿共32页morethermalpollutesneedhighcostCheckwastetostillhaveradiation,needtocoveruptoputahundredyearsaboveIfanyaccidenthappening,theradioactivitymatterwillbereleasedintooutsideenvironmentmeeting,thismeetingdichotomystateandpeopletocauseinjury熱污染較嚴重建造核電廠需要大量資金核廢料仍具有輻射,需埋放百年以上核電廠一旦發生事故,放射性物質釋放外界環境會對生態及民眾造成傷害第28页,本讲稿共32页現行核電站所用的全為核裂變反應爐壓水式核反應爐(PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor)沸水式反應爐 (Boiling Water Reactor)壓重水式核反應爐(Heavy-Water Reactor)石墨輕水型核反應爐(Light-Wter Reactor)氣冷式反應爐(Gas-Cooled Reactor)快速增殖核反應爐(Fast Breeder Reactor)第29页,本讲稿共32页Example:壓水式核反應爐壓水式核反應爐12第30页,本讲稿共32页第31页,本讲稿共32页陳奕來陳奕來(19)方敬鳴方敬鳴(22)李卓麒李卓麒(25)戴寶銓戴寶銓(31)From S.5C第32页,本讲稿共32页