女性不孕症中医证型、病因及影响因素的相关性研究及中药联合来曲唑治疗排卵障碍性不孕症的Meta分析.doc
成都中医药大学2021届硕士研究生论文成都中医药大学(临床医学院)二0二一届硕士研究生学位论文女性不孕症中医证型、病因及影响因素的相关性研究及中药联合来曲唑治疗排卵障碍性不孕症的Meta分析Study on the correlation of TCM syndrome type, etiology and influencing factors in female infertility and meta-analysis on the TCM combined with letrozole in the treatment of ovulatory infertility研究生姓名:周静指导教师:魏绍斌学科专业:中医妇科学二二一年五月学 位 论 文女性不孕症中医证型、病因及影响因素的相关性研究及中药联合来曲唑治疗排卵障碍性不孕的Meta分析周 静指导教师姓名: 魏绍斌教授 申请学位级别:硕士学位专 业 名 称: 中医妇科学 论文提交时间: 2021年4月论文答辩时间: 2021年5月 二二一年五月摘 要【研究目的】本研究第一部分通过对中药联合来曲唑(Letrozole,LE)的方法来对排卵障碍性不孕症状进行治疗的记录进行研究,就是为了探究采用该方法的治疗手段是否有效,以及其对病患的身体有无不良影响,这些得到的结论将用于实际临床医治。第二部分通过流行病学调查,对2019年9月至2021年1月成都中医药大学附属医院妇科门诊就诊的女性不孕患者进行病例收集,分析女性不孕症中医证型、病因及影响因素之间的相关性,为临床制定个体化的辨证施治方案提供客观科学的参考依据,同时也为本病的预防调摄提供思路。【研究方法】1、 Meta分析通过计算机、手工检索PubMed、Medline、Web of Science,以及各种文献数据库如CNKI、维普中文科技数据库( VIP)、万方全文数据库( Wan Fang),再次基础上将这些文献进行筛选,并用计算机手段将文献中的数据提取出来,对这些科研文章进行偏倚风险评估。Meta分析的实现是基于RevMan5.3这一软件的。2、 临床研究根据不孕症诊断指南(2019版),纳入符合诊断标准的患者,经知情同意后填写不孕症临床流行病学调查问卷及不孕症中医证候分类表,通过这些收集到的信息,对这些女性患者进行分析,着重于中西医结合,将西医的发病原因与中医的证型分布间的联系进行讨论。在写入调查问卷时,通常采用Epidata,分析数据时采用SPSS26.0。得出结论。【研究结果】1、 Meta分析纳入18篇文献,共1249例患者,对结局性指标进行Meta分析。从分析结果可以看出,如果对病人进行中药联合来曲唑的治疗方式,在增加卵泡直径方面,治疗效果跟只服用西药相比,其差异不符合统计学要求,没有统计学意义。在提高排卵率方面,中药联合来曲唑的方式治疗效果要比只服用西药好,并且其差异满足统计学要求中药联合来曲唑的治疗方式对于子宫内膜的影响,就其厚度增加程度来说,比服用西药的方式更好,这种差异满足统计学要求在提高妊娠率方面,其效果比服用西药优秀,且差异满足统计学意义在减少流产率方面,与单纯使用来曲唑比较,两者差异不符合统计学标准在LUFS发生率方面,与单纯使用来曲唑比较,其差异不存在统计学意义在降低患者体重指数(BMI)方面,中医结合来曲唑的方式也是比只用西药的方式好,差异满足统计学要求2、临床研究(1)本次研究共收集205例女性不孕患者,其中医证型分布频次由高到低依次为:肾虚肝郁证(23.41%)肝郁血瘀证(16.10%)肾虚肝郁血瘀证(10.73%)肾虚证(10.24%)肝郁证(9.76%)肾虚肝郁痰湿证(7.32%)肝郁痰湿证(4.88%)肝郁痰瘀互结证(4.39%)肾虚血瘀证(3.41%)肾虚痰湿证(3.41%)痰湿证(3.41%)肾虚肝郁痰瘀互结证(1.46%)血瘀证(0.98%)痰瘀互结证(0.49%)。(2)病因分布频次由高到低依次为:排卵障碍(28.29%)输卵管因素(23.90%)不明原因(19.51%)子宫因素(18.05%)子宫内膜异位症(8.29%)宫颈因素(0.98%)免疫因素(0.98%)。(3)中医证型与影响因素相关性:本次研究将出现频次最高的六个中医证型列为主要中医证型。主要中医证型间年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、接触环境、饮食偏好、BMI、不孕年限、妊娠次数、流产次数、焦虑抑郁情绪分布具有差异性(P0.05)。(4)病因与影响因素相关性:本次研究将出现频次最高的五种病因列为主要病因。主要病因间年龄、BMI分布具有统计学意义主要病因间文化程度、婚姻状况、接触环境、饮食偏好、不孕年限,以及流产和焦虑情绪分布等其差异不大。(5)中医证型与病因相关性:不同病因间中医证型分布具有差异性(P0.05),其中排卵障碍性不孕多见肾虚肝郁证,输卵管因素性不孕往往表现为肾肝方面如肝郁血瘀证等,不明原因性不孕多见肾虚肝郁证、与肾虚证等,子宫因素性不孕多见肝郁血瘀证、肾虚肝郁证等,子宫内膜异位症性不孕多见肝郁血瘀证等。【研究结论】1、Meta分析通过Meta分析发现,中药联合来曲唑对比单用来曲唑,能有效提高排卵率,并且对妇女的子宫内膜厚度也有改善,女性患者的怀孕几率也有上升,其体重也有减少,具体表现为BMI下降。2、临床研究(1)女性患者的症状常表现为肾虚肝郁证,其他的中医证型有肝郁证肾虚肝郁血瘀证以及和肝郁血瘀证等(2)女性不孕症患者病因以排卵障碍最为常见,其他较少的症状包括子宫方面的症状或者输卵管等方面的症状,还有一些尚未查清。(3)女患者不孕症中医证型与多个方面有关,与病人的年纪与受教育情况以及婚姻治疗、接触环境、饮食偏好、BMI、不孕年限、妊娠次数、流产次数、焦虑抑郁情绪有关。(4)女性不孕症病因与患者的年龄、BMI有关。(5)女性不孕症中医证型与病因具有相关性。【关键词】女性不孕症、中医证型、病因、影响因素、相关性、中药联合来曲唑、排卵障碍、Meta分析ABSTRACT【Objectives】In the first part of this study,we evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine combined with Letrozole in the treatment of Ovulatory Infertility by meta-analysis of related literature. In the second part,we through the epidemiological investigation,collect cases from female infertility patients who visited the gynecological outpatient department of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM from September 2019 to January 2021, and analyze the correlation among TCM syndrome type, etiology and influencing factors in order to provide objective and scientific reference basis for clinical development of individualized syndrome differentiation and treatment plan. At the same time, it also provides ideas for the prevention and regulation of this disease.【Methods】1、 Meta analysis:We searched three international electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of science) and three Chinese electronic databases (.CNKI, VIP and WanFang). According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria to select literature, extract data, and evaluate the risk of literature bias.We used Revman 5.3 software for meta analyze.2、Clinical research:According to the Diagnostic Guidelines for Infertility (2019 Edition),patients meeting diagnostic criteria were included. After informed consent, the questionnaire of clinical epidemiology of infertility and the classification table of TCM syndrome of infertility were filled in. Then We analyze the correlation of TCM syndrome type distribution and etiology and influencing factors of female infertility. Finally, Epidata software was used to input the questionnaire, and SPSS26.0 software was used to conduct statistical analysis on the data and draw the conclusion.【Results】1、 Meta analysis:18 articles were included, a total of 1249 patients were analyzed. In terms of increasing follicle diameter, Traditional Chinese Medicine combined with Letrozole was better than Letrozole alone, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). In terms of improving ovulation rate, Traditional Chinese Medicine combined with Letrozole was better than Letrozole alone, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In terms of increasing endometrial thickness, Traditional Chinese Medicine combined with Letrozole was better than Letrozole alone, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In terms of improving pregnancy rate, Traditional Chinese Medicine combined with Letrozole was better than Letrozole alone, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In terms of reducing the rate of abortion,the effect of TCM combined with letrozole was better than LE alone, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). In terms of incidence of LUFS, TCM combined with letrozole was lower than LE, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). In terms of lowering body mass index (BMI) , the effect of TCM combined with letrozole was better than that of LE alone, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).2、 Clinical research:(1)A total of 205 cases of female infertility were collected in this epidemiological investigation. The frequency of TCM syndromes distribution was from high to low:syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression(23.41%)syndrome of liver depression and blood stasis(16.10%)syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression and blood stasis(10.73%)syndrome of kidney deficiency(10.24%)syndrome of liver depression(9.76%)syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression and phlegm-dampness(7.32%)syndrome of liver depression and phlegm-dampness(4.88%)syndrome of liver depression and intermingled phlegm and blood stasis(4.39%)syndrome of kidney deficiency and blood stasis(3.41%)syndrome of kidney deficiency and phlegm-dampness(3.41%)syndrome of phlegm-dampness(3.41%)syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression and intermingled phlegm and blood stasis(1.46%)syndrome of blood stasis(0.98%)syndrome of intermingled phlegm and blood stasis(0.49%).(2)The frequency of etiologies distribution was from high to low:ovulation disorders(28.29%)fallopian tube factors(23.90%)unknown causes(19.51%)uterine factors(18.05%)endometriosis(8.29%)cervical factors(0.98%)immune factors(0.98%).(3)Correlation between TCM syndromes and influencing factors: in this study, six TCM syndromes with the highest frequency were listed as the main TCM syndromes. Among the main TCM syndromes, there were significant differences in age, educational level, marital status, exposure environment, dietary preference, BMI, years of infertility, number of pregnancies, number of miscarriages, anxiety and depression(P<0.05). (4)Correlation between etiologies and influencing factors: in this study, the five etiologies with the highest frequency were listed as the main etiologies.Among the main etiologies, there were significant differences in age and BMI(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in educational level, marital status, exposure environment, dietary preference, years of infertility, number of pregnancies, number of miscarriages, anxiety and depression(P0.05). (5)Correlation between TCM syndromes and etiologies: the distribution of TCM syndromes is different among different etiologies(P<0.05).Ovulatory dysfunction infertility is more common with syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression. Tubal factor infertility is more common with syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression and syndrome of liver depression and blood stasis. Unexplained infertility is more common with syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression、syndrome of kidney deficiency and syndrome of liver depression. Uterine factor infertility is more common with syndrome of liver depression and blood stasis、syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression and syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression and blood stasis. Endometriosis infertility is more common with syndrome of liver depression and blood stasis、syndrome of kidney deficiency and liver depression and blood stasis.【Conclusions】1、 Meta analysis:Through meta-analysis,compared with Letrozole alone,Traditional Chinese Medicine combined with Letrozole can effectively improve ovulation rate, increase endometrial thickness, improve pregnancy rate, and lower body mass index (BMI).2、 Clinical research:(1) The most common TCM syndrome of female infertility patients is kidney deficiency and liver depression, followed by liver depression and blood stasis, kidney deficiency and liver depression and blood stasis, kidney deficiency,liver depression, kidney deficiency and liver depression and phlegm-dampness and so on.(2) The most common etiology of female infertility is ovulation disorders, followed by fallopian tube factors, unknown causes, uterine factors, endometriosis and so on.(3) The type of TCM syndrome of female infertility may be related to age, educational level, marital status, exposure environment, dietary preference, BMI, years of infertility, number of pregnancies, number of miscarriages, anxiety and depression.(4) The etiology of female infertility may be related to age and BMI. (5) The type of TCM syndrome of female infertility is related to its etiology. 【Keywords】Female Infertility; TCM syndrome type; Etiology; Influencing factors; Correlation; TCM combined with letrozole; Ovulation failure; Meta-analysis.缩略词中英文对照表缩略词英文全称中文全称LELetrozole来曲唑WHOWorld Health Organization世界卫生组织RCTRandomized-controlled trial随机对照试验BMIBody Mass Index体重指数LUFSLuteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome未破裂卵泡黄素化综合征DUBDysfunctional uterine bleeding功能失调性子宫出血E2Estradiol雌二醇GnRHGonadotropin-releasing hormone下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素FSHFollicle-stimulating Hormone卵泡刺激素LHLuteinizing Hormone促黄体生成素HPOHypothalamicpituitary-ovarian axis下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴GnGonadotropin促性腺激素PCOSPolycystic Ovary Syndrome多囊卵巢综合征POFPremature Ovarian Failure卵巢早衰POIPremature ovarian insufficiency早发性卵巢功能不全DORDiminished Ovarian Reserve卵巢储备功能减退CCClomiphene 克罗米芬/氯米芬PCOPolycystic ovary多囊卵巢HCGHuman chorionic gonadotrophin 绒促性素HMGHuman menopausal gonadotropin尿促性素OHSSOvarian hyperstimulation syndrome卵巢过度刺激征HSGhysterosalpingography子宫输卵管造影目录摘 要1ABSTRACT4缩略词中英文对照表8目录8引言13第一部分 中药联合来曲唑治疗排卵障碍性不孕的Meta分析151、资料与方法151.1纳入标准151.2排除标准151.3文献检索策略161.4文献筛选161.5资料提取171.7统计学分析172.结果182.1文献的基本特征192.2偏倚风险评估192.3 Meta分析结果212.3.1两组卵泡直径比较212.3.2两组排卵率比较222.3.3两组子宫内膜厚度比较222.3.4两组妊娠率比较232.3.5两组流产率比较242.3.6两组LUFS发生率比较242.3.7两组体重指数(BMI)比较242.4敏感性分析252.5发表偏倚273.讨论283.1排卵障碍性不孕的发病机制283.2排卵障碍性不孕的中医研究293.3 Meta分析结果分析303.4 Meta分析的问题与不足32第二部分 临床研究331.研究目的及研究对象331.1研究目的331.2病例来源331.3样本量估算331.4诊断标准331.4.1不孕症西医诊断标准331.4.2不孕症中医诊断标准341.4.3不孕症中医辨证标准341.5纳入标准351.6排除标准351.7剔除标准352.研究方法362.1文献整理362.2制定调查表362.2.1知情同意书362.2.2一般情况调查表362.2.3中医证候调查表372.3质量控制372.4数据整理及统计分析372.4.1数据整理372.4.2统计分析373.研究结果383.1一般情况分析383.1.1年龄分布383.1.2文化程度分布393.1.3婚姻状况分布393.1.4接触环境分布403.1.5饮食偏好情况分布413.1.6体重指数(BMI)分布423.1.7不孕年限分布433.1.8妊娠次数分布443.1.9流产次数分布443.1.10焦虑、抑郁情绪分布453.1.11中医单证型分布463.1.12中医证型分布473.1.13病因分布483.2中医证型与影响因素分布503.2.1中医证型与年龄分布503.2.2中医证型与文化程度分布513.2.3中医证型与婚姻状况分布523.2.4中医证型与接触环境分布533.2.5中医证型与饮食偏好分布543.2.6中医证型与BMI分布553.2.7中医证型与不孕年限分布563.2.8中医证型与妊娠次数分布563.2.9中医证型与流产次数分布573.2.10中医证型与焦虑情绪分布583.2.11中医证型与抑郁情绪分布593.2.12中医证型与病因分布593.3病因与影响因素分布603.3.1病因与年龄分布603.3.2病因与文化程度分布613.3.3病因与婚姻状况分布623.3.4病因与接触环境分布633.3.5病因与饮食偏好分布633.3.6病因与BMI分布643.3.7病因与不孕年限分布653.3.8病因与妊娠次数分布663.3.9病因与流产次数分布663.3.10病因与焦虑情绪分布673.3.11病因与抑郁情绪分布684.讨论694.1女性不孕症中医证型及病因分布特点694.1.1中医证型分布特点694.1.1病因分布特点704.2女性不孕症与年龄704.3女性不孕症与文化程度、婚姻状况714.4女性不孕症与接触环境、饮食偏好、BMI724.5女性不孕症与不孕年限、妊娠次数、流产次数734.6女性不孕症与焦虑、抑郁情绪744.7女性不孕症病因与中医证型754.7.1排卵障碍性不孕与中医证型754.7.2输卵管因素性不孕与中医证型764.7.3不明原因性不孕与中医证型764.7.4子宫因素性不孕与中医证型76结论78主要研究工作与创新791.主要工作791.1Meta分析791.2流行病学调查792.创新点79问题与展望801.存在的问题802.展望80致谢81参考文献82附录一 综述89附录二 知情同意书109附录三 不孕症中医证候分类表110附录四 不孕症流行病调查问卷112附录五 在读期间公开发表的学术论文、专著及科研成果119附录六 在读期间参加的学术会议120附录七 申明及授权书121成都中医药大学2021届硕士研究生论文引言不孕症(infertility)的定义是,配偶之间的无避孕周期性性行为持续一年以上,而女方仍未能获得临床妊娠1。由于目前社会对性行为的改观,越来越多的进行婚前性行为,这也就导致了各种流产工作的上涨。另一方面,婚育年龄不断延后,不孕症的发病率也越来越高。世卫组织WHO在多年前就把不孕症排名到人类主要疾病的第三名。2。根据资料显示,在全球层面来说,不孕症的患病几率大概在8%12%,至少1.86亿人患有不孕症3-4。因受社会文化、民族背景等因素影响,不孕症在不同国家、民族、地区的发病率亦存在差异。不孕症在医学上,根据是否妊娠过,被分为两种类型。其中一种为原发性不孕症,这种不孕症的病患类型是女性病患从未妊娠过,而另一种为继发性不孕症,这种患病的妇女与上面刚好相反,有过妊娠,性行为没有采取避孕措施,并且周期性性行为长度在一年以上还是不孕的,就是继发性的不孕症。不孕症由发病原因也可以分为三种类型,分别是男、女性因素不孕症以及不明原因不孕症5。这当中的女性因素多数指排卵障碍和盆腔原因等,临床常见的盆腔因素有输卵管堵塞或积水、盆腔炎性疾病及后遗症、各种子宫异常症状如子宫肌瘤等,而高泌乳素血症和早发性卵巢功能不全(Premature Ovarian Insufficiency, POI)以及卵巢储备功能减退(Diminished Ovarian Reserve, DOR)、甲状腺功能减退症等是引起排卵功能障碍的主要因素。除了这些,病患的生理免疫系统问题,以及其心理状况和和精神压力都是造成不孕症的因素之一。6。一项相关性研究表明女性不孕症患者的生育压力是生活质量的消极要素,在关注生理健康的同时应制定有效的心理干预策略7。在西医领域,对不孕症进行治疗,首先要分析清楚病发原因,因为西医对于女性不孕症主要是从病因进行针对治疗。对于排卵障碍性不孕治疗,西医应用来曲唑(Letrozole, LE)、氯米芬(Clomiphene, CC)、绒促性素(Human chorionic gonadotrophin, HCG)、尿促性素(Human menopausal gonadotropin, HMG)等促排卵药物治疗,但存在卵巢过度刺激征(Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome , OHSS)等影响卵巢的负面作用。针对盆腔器质性病变,西医主要采取手术治疗,利用开腹、腹腔镜、宫腔镜、高强度聚焦超声刀(HIFU)等方式,对病灶进行切除或修复,达到助孕的目的。除上述治疗方式外,期待治疗和辅助生殖技术也是不孕症常见的治疗方法。不孕症在古代尚有“无子”“绝产”“绝嗣”之称,古时候,人们将原发性不孕成为“全不产”,而对于另一种继发性不孕,古人称之为“断绪”。我国的中医早在几千年前就对不孕症的发病原因做出了分析,其认为血瘀与肾虚以及痰湿等都市发病因素。傅青主女科·种子8曾记载“妇人有下身冰冷,非火不暖夫寒冰之地,不能长草木,重阴之渊不长鱼龙,今胞宫即寒,何能受孕?”,这里就说明了孕妇子宫受寒而无法受精的发病缘由;张氏医通中也记录了“瘀积胞门,子宫不净,造成不孕”,这里对不孕症的淤血因素进行记录,济阴纲目·求子门9曰“女子多气多郁,气多则为火行,诸病交作,生育之道遂阻矣”,说明了女因为心理与精神原因而导致子宫功能紊乱,造成不孕丹溪心法·卷五·子嗣九十三中写到:“若是肥盛妇人,禀受甚厚,恣于酒食物之人,经水不调,不能成胎躯脂满溢,闭塞子宫,宜行湿燥痰”,这是从痰湿的角度描述了不孕症的缘由。对半个世纪以来的中医不孕症资料中的研究结论进行分析10, 可以得出不孕症的发病因素中,以肾功能不足也就是肾虚、血瘀和痰湿肝郁等为主要原因。这些发病机理和一些生理功能异常以及肾气不足有关。辨证分型主要包括肝肾阴虚证和肾阴虚证以及痰湿内阻证和脾肾阳虚证等。本研究第一部分通过计算机、手工检索PubMed、以及CNKI和Wan Fang还有VIP等数据库,搜索中药联合来曲唑治疗排卵障碍性不孕的随机对照试验研究(其中实验组采用中医药与来曲唑结合治疗,对照组仅使用曲唑治疗),纳入18篇文献,共1249例患者。运用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析,评价中药联合来曲唑改善排卵障碍性不孕卵泡直径与排卵率以及子宫内膜厚度、妊娠率、流产率、LUFS发生率、体重指数(BMI)等结局指标。通过Meta分析为临床试验提供循证依据。本研究的第二部分通过临床流行病学调查研究,对女性不