英语五大句型结构知识点 素材高考英语语法总复习.doc
英语五大句型结构知识点 高考英语语法总复习主谓结构1、There + be + 主语 + 状语there+be结构表示“存在”关系, 译为 “某地(某时)有某物(某人)”。动词be表示“有”或“存在”。谓语动词应与其紧邻的主语保持一致。be有时态的变化, 也可加入情态动词。There is a book on the desk .桌子上有一本书。There are two apples in the basket.篮子里有两个苹果。There is a bed and two chairs in the bedroom. 卧室里有一张床和两把椅子。There will be a good harvest this year.今年有个好收成。There ought to be some more buses during the rush hour.在上下班的拥挤时刻,应该有更多的公共汽车。2、There +动词 + 主语 + 状语在there+be结构中, 谓语动词有时不用be而用:动词短语:seem to be(似乎),happen to be (碰巧有/碰巧是),be likely to be (可能有/可能是),appear to be (似乎/看起来)used to be(曾经有);不及物动词:live(生活有/住着),stand(伫立/站着),come, exist(存在),rise(升起),lie(位于/有),occur(发生/有),fly(飞),remain(仍/还有/保持),stand(站/屹立),hang(挂着),rise(升起),run(流淌/行驶),occur(发生/出现)等There happened to be a bad flood that year.碰巧那年发生一场大洪水。There are likely to be more difficulties than they have been prepared for.可能会出现比他们所准备的更多的困难。There doesnt seem to be much hope of our beating that team. 看来我们战胜那个队没有多大希望。3、There +be + 主语 + 定语被修饰主语和非谓语动词之间是主谓关系, 且表示正在进行/状态, 则用现在分词作定语; 如是动宾关系, 且表示完成, 则用过去分词作定语; 如表示将来发生的事情, 则常用不定式主动式作定语。There's plenty of housework to do.有许多家务要做。There is a man waiting for you.有个人在等你。There were ten people killed in the crash.有十人在坠机中丧生。4、主语 +不及物动词+ (状语)不及物动词不需要加宾语,就可表达完整的意义,但可有状语。状语的可能是副词、介词短语、名词短语等。Classes begin at eight in our school every day. 我们学校每天八时开始上课。This machine is not running correctly.这台机器运转得不正常。I have been living at the seaside for three months.我在海滨居住已有三月。主谓宾结构1、主语 + 及物动词 + 名词/代词及物动词需要加宾语,才可以表达完整的意义。We study English.我们学习英语。Wang Dong writes good English but does not speak well.王东英语写得很好,但讲得不好。2、主语 +及物动词 + 宾语 + 状语本句型中,除主、谓、宾外,还有一个状语,状语多为介词短语。这里的状语不可省,否则话未说完,句意便不清楚。He pushed the table nearer the window.他把桌子推近窗户。We followed our chemistry teacher into his office.我们跟随着化学老师进入办公室。Yesterday our headmaster showed some foreign guests around our school.昨天校长领着外宾参观了我校。3、主语 +及物动词 + 宾语 + 不定式句型中,动词不定式作状语表示目的或结果。表目的时,可在不定式前加for sb.,表示不定式的逻辑主语;可在不定式前加in order或so as。They gave a party to celebrate their success yesterday evening.昨天晚上他们开了个晚会来庆祝他们的成功。They study English in order to work better in the future.他们学习英语是为了将来更好地工作。He does morning exercise every day so as to build up his body.他每天做晨练,为的是增强体质。4、主语 +及物动词+ 与动词同源的名词句型中,不及物动词用作及物动词,用作宾语的名词与动词同源,故被称为同源宾语。常见的同源结构是:vt. + a + adj. + n. (与动词同源的名词)We are now living a happy and easy life.他现在正过着幸福安逸的日子。She sang a very nice song at the evening party.她在晚会上唱了一支优美的歌曲。She smiled a very sweet smile.她甜蜜地笑了一笑。主系表结构表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句表示。1、主语+ be+ 表语(名词/代词)My father is a college teacher.我父亲是一名大学教师。Failure is the mother of success.失败为成功之母。This dictionary is mine.这字典是我的。Saying is one thing and doing is another说是一回事,做是另一回事。2、主语+ be + 形容词 + (介词短语)Sports and games are very important.体育运动非常重要。Any student who is interested is welcome to participate.欢迎任何感兴趣的学生参加。The students in our class are very interested in learning English.我班学生对英语学习很感兴趣。Our teacher is very strict with us.我们的老师对我们的要求非常严格。3、主语+ be + 现在分词现在分词作表语时,多表示主语所具有的特征,一般情况下用在系动词(be,become,look,sound等)的后面。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来很有趣。His words are encouraging他的话令人鼓舞。Our trip was disappointing.我们的这次旅行让人失望。4、主语+ be + 过去分词 + (介词短语)现在分词作表语时,过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态,意为“对什么感受怎样”,有被动意味。We was disappointed at our trip.我们对这次旅行感到失望。I am interested in this story.我对这故事感兴趣。My English book on the desk is gone.我放在桌子上的英语书不见了。5、主语+ be + 介词短语Everything is in good order. 一切都井井有条。The new samples are of interest to many clients.许多客户对新样品很感兴趣。Many of the actors and actresses are on location now.许多男演员和女演员现在在拍外景。6、主语+特殊连系动词+ 表语常见的“特殊连系动词”可分为三类:1.表示“变成某种状态”意义的系动词:become, come, fall, get, go, grow, make, prove, run, shine, turn, turn out, wear, work.2.表示“保持某种状态”意义的系动词:continue , die, go, hold, keep, lie, live, remain, rest , return, sit, stand, stay3.表示 “自己感觉或令人感觉” 意义的系动词:appear, feel , look, seem , smell, sound, taste。This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。Autumn comes. It is getting cooler and cooler.秋天到了,天气变得越来越凉爽。The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。Her ideal has come true她的理想实现了。Why do you keep silent? 你怎么不说话?7、主语+ be(连系动词)+ 不定式Her wish is to be a famous doctor她希望成为一名著名的医生。The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.教育的目的是发展儿童完美的品格。A great deal is yet to do.还有许多事要做。(主动形式表示被动意义)Something is still to find out.有些东西还有待查明。(主动形式表示被动意义)主谓双宾结构(主语+及物动词+间宾+直宾)该句型中的谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语; 一个是表示物的直接宾语。间接宾语一般在前面, 直接宾语在后面。如:Tom left Mary a message. 汤姆给玛丽留下了口信。This will save you much time. 这将为您节约大量的时间。注意:有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调, 这时, 间接宾语前应加上介词to, for或of。主语 + 及物动词 + 物(直宾)+to+人(间宾)He offered a job to her. 他向她提供了一份工作。I owe my success to you. 我的成功要归功于您。间接宾语前要用to的常用动词有:give, tell, lend, sell, teach, send, write, show, return, bring, pass, leave, offer, hand等。主语 + 及物动词 + 物(直宾)+for+人(间宾)He ordered some food for the two of them. 他为他们俩点了一些食物。Mother made a nice dress for the little girl. 妈妈给小女孩做了条美丽的裙子。间接宾语前加介词for的动词有:buy, choose, get, make, order, sing, do, play, save等。主语 + 及物动词 + 人(间宾)+of+物(直宾)They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。直接宾语前加介词 of 的动词有:cure, convince (使信服), deprive (剥夺)inform, rob, rid (摆脱, 赶走, 清除), warn。主谓宾补结构主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。1、主语+及物动词 + 宾语+ 名词后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, think等We made Tom our monitor.我们选汤姆为我们班长。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I consider them my good friends. 我视他们为我的好朋友。注意:充当宾语补足语的名词若表示正式的或独一无二的头衔、职位时,前面一般不用冠词。They elected John chairman of the committee.他们选约翰为委员会主席。2、主语+及物动词 + 宾语+ 形容词后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think等。Its very hot here Wed better keep the windows open 这儿很热。我们最好让窗子开着。We should keep the classroom clean and tidy.我们应该保持教室干净而整洁。We find the map very useful我们发现这张地图非常有用。The news made everyone of us very happy.这个消息使我们每个人都很高兴。3、主语+及物动词 + 宾语+ 副词Dont leave me behind. 别把我落下。I wont let you down. 我不会让你失望的。Who will drive me home? 谁开车把我送回家?4、主语+及物动词 + 宾语+ 介词短语He found himself in the hospitalPlease make yourself at home. 请不要拘谨。She always keeps everything in good order. 她总是把一切都收拾得井然有序。5、主语+及物动词 + 宾语+ 动词不定式动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况:(1)后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有 :advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, like, love, order,permit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 等。Her success encouraged me to try the same thing.她的成功鼓励我尝试做同样的事。What would you advise me to do?你想要我做些什么?(2) 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为:“一感(feel)”、“二听(listen to, hear)”、“三让(let, make, have)”、“四看(look at, see, watch, notice)”。例如:I often hear her sing in the next room 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。We heard someone knock at the door我们听到有人敲门。We saw the boy play on the playground yesterday.昨天我看见这男孩在操场玩耍。注意:上述感官动词和使役动词在被动语态中须加to。其中have和let一般不用被动语态,其他动词可用于被动语态。They were observed to enter the bank.有人看见他们进入银行。She was heard to sing an English song that day.那天听到她唱了一首英文歌曲。Tom was made to stand in class汤姆在课上被老师罚站。A young man was seen to go in and take something out有人看到有一年轻人进去过,出来时拿着什么东西。(3)help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如:My English teacher often helps me(to) study English我的英语老师经常帮我学习英语。Body language helps you (to) communicate with foreigners.身势语有助于你同外国人交流。I got him to help me when I moved the furniture.我搬家具时,找他来帮忙。My English teacher often helps me(to) study English我的英语老师经常帮我学习英语。Body language helps you (to) communicate with foreigners.身势语有助于你同外国人交流。I got him to help me when I moved the furniture.我搬家具时,找他来帮忙。6、主语+及物动词 + 宾语+ 现在分词现在分词作宾语补足语,表示正在进行的动作或反复进行的动作。常用的动词有:feel, listen (to), observe, smell, look (at) see, watch, hear, notice, sense, keep, catch, find, leave, show, get, like, start, discover, imagine, send等。He had us laughing all through the meal整顿饭期间他让我们笑个不停。We often see musicians performing in the streets.我们经常看到音乐家在街上演奏。We found a man lying on the ground 我们发现一个男人躺在地上。I listened to him talking to someone in a low voice in his room.我听着他在房间里和一个人低声谈话。I can smell something burning in the kitchen.我闻到厨房里有什么东西烧着了。7、主语+及物动词+宾语+过去分词过去分词作宾语补足语。用于本句型的及物动词有两类: have, get (表示请/叫/让某人做某事,遭遇到某事,完成某事) hear, make, see, find, want, need (表示宾语是分词动作的承受者)等。Ill have my haircut this afternoon.今天下午我要去理发。I must get my bike repaired.我得去修理我的自行车。Emperor QinShiHuang had all the walls joined up.秦始皇把所有的城墙都连起来了。He had his fruit stolen before he had a chance to pick it.他树上的果子还没来得及摘就被人偷掉了。He soon made himself understood.他立刻把自己的意思讲明白了。Ive found all the bottles filled up with mineral water.我发现所有的瓶子都装满了矿泉水。8、主语 + vt. + it +adj./n. + (for sb.) to do sth.在本句型中,动词不定式作宾语, 而在宾语后还有宾语补足语,这时必须将动词不定式放在句尾,而在宾语的位置上用形式宾语it。用于该句型的及物动词有:find, consider, think, believe, feel, take等。We consider it quite necessary to look into the case.我们认为深入调查这个案子是十分必要的。People felt it impossible for man to fly into the outer space about a hundred years ago.百年以前人们觉得人不可能飞入太空。I dont think it wise for him to choose such a difficult subject.我不认为他选择这样难的学科是明智的。9、主语 + vt. + it +adj./n. + that-clause.在本句型中,that从句作宾语,而在宾语后还有宾语补足语,这时必须将宾语从句放在句尾, 而在宾语的位置上用形式宾语it。用于该句型的及物动词有:find, consider, think, believe, feel, take, make等。I think it a shame that I made such a foolish mistake.我觉得我犯了这么愚蠢的错误是很惭愧。All this made it possible that he succeeded in carrying out the experiment.所有一切使他成功地进行了实验成为可能。I think it very strange that he goes out walking almost every night.我认为他每天晚上都出去散步是很奇怪的。We all thought it a pity that he should have left so soon.我们都认为他这样快就离开了是个遗憾。