细说定语从句知识点- 高考英语语法总复习素材.doc

细说定语从句知识点 高考英语语法总复习定语从句(一)关系代词引导的定语从句一、定语从句的基本概念1.在复合句中，修饰某一个名词或代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词后面。如：The man who/that lives next to us is a policeman.（man为先行词）住在我隔壁的那个人是一名警察。You must do everything that I do.（everything为先行词）你必须做我所做的一切事情。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1、who,whom(指人）在从句中分别作主语和宾语，如果介词放在从句后面，则whom可以省略The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. (作主语)The boy who break the window is called Roy. (作主语)The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. (作宾语)Mrs White is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)2、that(指人、指物）在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时that 可省略3、which(指物)在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. (作主语)The songs （which）Liu Dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)4、whose(指人或物的所有格)在从句中作定语I like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语)三、that和which之间的区别that和which都可以用作关系代词，引起定语从句，但它们有所不同。1、先行词被all, every, no, some, any， little, much修饰时，用that而不用which。如：It only remains for me to pass all the money that she had to the right person.我所要做的是只是把她所有的钱交给合法的继承人。They go to the newspaper's own library to look up any information that they need.他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。There isn't much water (that is) left in the cup.茶杯里剩下太多的水。Tom tried every means that he could to finish the job>为了按时完成工作，汤姆想尽了一切办法，但他还是失败了。2、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，一般用that，而不用which。如：This is the second letter that I received from my younger sister this month.这是我这个月收到的我妹妹的第二封信。Gone with the Wind is one of the best films that I have ever seen.乱世佳人是我所看过的最好的影片之一。3、先行词被修饰only, very, same, last时用that，而不用which。如：This is the>这是我口袋里所能找到的唯一一张票子了。That is the very magazine that he is looking for.那正是他要找的那本杂志。4、如果先行词是人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who(m)或that都可以，但不用which。如：The first person whom(=that) I visited there was Mr.Smith.我拜访的第一个人是史密斯先生。Anyone who(=that) breaks the law will be punished违反法律的人将会受到惩罚。5、当有两或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that，而不用引导whom,who,which。如：He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.他谈论他所拜访的老师和参观的学校。6、当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that，而不用who,whom或which。如：Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？Which of us that know something about physics not know this?我们当中了解物理知识的人谁不知道这件事情。定语从句(二)关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词有when，where，why，表示的是一个副词的意义，在其引导的定语从句中充当状语，分别表示时间、地点或原因。具体用法如下：一、关系副词when引导定语从句，常用来修饰表示时间的先行词，如time，day，week，month，year等，在定语从句中充当时间状语。例如：Ill never forget the days when I worked with you. 我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when用作状语)She dreams of the day when she will be playing the piano for a living她梦想着有朝一日能以演奏钢琴为生。【变形规则】关系副词when相当于“介词+关系代词”，when=in/on/at which。例如：I still remember the day when I joined the army.I still remember the day>我仍然记得我参军的那一天。July is the month when we have a lot of rain.July is the month in which we have a lot of rain. 七月是我们有大量雨水月份。There was a time when there were no radios, telephones or TV sets here.There was a time during which there were no radios, telephones or TV sets here.曾经有一段时间，这里没有收音机，电视机，电话。特别提醒如果关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语(而不是状语)时，定语从句须用关系代词thatwhich引导(做宾语时可以省略)。如：I was busy learning the computer science that summer thatwhich was rather hot我忙着学习计算机科学的这个夏天相当热。(作主语) Dont forget the time (that) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that用作told的宾语)二、关系副词where引导定语从句，一般用来修饰表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中充当地点状语。例如：Returning to a city where one used to live can be a saddening experience重归故地有时会给人带来几许惆怅。I went off in search of a garage where I could buy some petro1我跑去寻找加油站买汽油。The tourists sought out a shady spot where they sat down and rested旅游者找到一块阴凉的地方坐下休息。【变形规则】关系副词where相当于“介词+关系代词”，where=in/on/at which。例如：Beijing is the place where I was born.Beijing is the place in which I was born.北京是我的出生地。The school where his sister works is a key school in JiangShu Province.The school at which his sister works is a key school in JiangShu Province. 他姐姐工作的这所学校是江苏省重点学校。Have you ever been to the house where Lu Xun once lived.Have you ever been to the house in which Lu Xun once lived 你去过鲁迅曾经住过的房子吗？特别提醒如果关系词在定语从句中不做状语，而充当主语或宾语时，则应用关系代词thatwhich引导定语从句。例如：Tomorrow we'll visit the school thatwhich is said to be the largest in town我们明天将去参观一下据说将是镇上最大的学校(作主语)This is the house which (that) I visited two years ago.这是两年前我曾经参观过的房子。(作宾语)三、关系副词why引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如：The reason why she didn't get the job was that her English was not very good她没得到这个工作的原因是她的英语不是很好。The reason why he is late is that his car went wrong他迟到的原因是他的汽车坏了。That is the reason why we must go now这就是我们现在必须走的理由。This is one of the basic reasons why some of our work can't be done well这是我们有些工作做不好的一个基本原因。【变形规则】关系副词why相当于“介词+关系代词”，why=for which。例如：Is this the reason why he refused our offer?Is this the reason for which he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？The reason why he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.The reason for which he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill. 他之所以没有出席会议是因为他病了。特别提醒当关系词在定语从句中做主语或宾语时，则不用关系副词why，而应用关系代词thatwhich。如：The reason that /which sounded unbelievable proved to be true这听起来令人难以置信的事实证明是正确的。(做主语)The reason that he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.他所解释的迟到的原因是他误了头班汽车。（explain是及物动词，that在从句中作其宾语）四、how可引导定语从句，表示方法。常用在先行词way后面。例如：当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that, in which,或how引导，that常可以省略。例如：This is the way how he always treats me他一贯就是这样对待我的。That's the way how I learn English那就是我学英语的方法。特别提醒way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。例如：This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.比较: Please do the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you.定语从句(三)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句一、限制性定语从句定语从句对先行词具有限制作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确，这种定语从句被称限制性定语从句，这类从句不能省掉，否则句意就不完整。限制性定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。The boy(whowhomthat)I taught yesterday was very clever我昨天教的那个小男孩很聪明。I was the only person in our class that was praised by the headmaster at the meeting我是我们班唯一一个在会议上受到校长表扬的人。I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park我永远不会忘记我们在公园第一次相见的那一天。二、限制性定语从句定语从句有时与先行词的关系不是十分密切，只是作附加说明，不起限制作用，这种从句被称为非限制性定语从句，往往用逗号把这类从句与主句分开。She heard a terrible noise，which brought her heart into mouth她听到一声巨响，这把她的心提到了嗓子眼上。Holly，who is from Australia，is an old friend of mine霍莉是我的一位老朋友，她来自澳大利亚。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别对比Mr Smith，who came to see me yesterday，is one of my best friends(非限制性定语从句)昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。I will never forget the day when we worked together(限制性定语从句)我永远不会忘记我们在一起工作的日子。This is the best novel that I have ever read(先行词是novel)这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。The novel，which I read last night，is very interesting(先行词为novel)这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。The novel is very interesting，which makes me very glad(先行词为"The novel is very interesting")这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。点津(1)which引导非限制性定语从句时不置于句首。(2)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略，关系代词指人时，在句中作宾语只能用whom，不能用who。(3)关系副词where，when及why可以转换成相应的介词+which三、非限制性定语从句需注意的几个问题1关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句，但可用for which代替why来引导。He didn't tell us the reason。for which he went abroad without telling anybody(for which此处代替why)他没有告诉我们理由，为什么在没有告诉任何人的情况下就去了国外。2非限制性定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词用which或whom。They have four children，the daughter of whom is working in that big company now(whom引导定语从句作介词of的宾语)他们有四个孩子，他们的女儿现在在那家大公司上班。They have bought an apartment recently，two rooms of which face south(which引导定语从句作介词of的宾语)最近他们买了一套公寓，公寓的两个房间朝南四、which与as引导的非限制性定语从句1as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的相同点as与which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整个主句的内容。当非限制性定语从句位于句末且as或which在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，两者常可互换。He married her，whichas was natural(作主语)他和她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He is an old kind farmer，whichas anybody can see(作宾语)任何人都能看得出来，他是一位善良的老农民。2as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的不同点As is known to all Diaoyu Island belongs to China众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。As is expected，he has been admitted to Beijing University正如所预料的一样，他被北京大学录取了。She is a little poor in Englishwhich makes her parents a little worried她的英语有点差，这令她的父母有点儿担心。He failed in the experiment，which was unexpected他试验失败了，这是没有料到的。定语从句(四)定语从句所需注意事项一、定语从句中的主谓一致1、one of the + 复数名词这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：That is one of the books that are required for study at school.那是学校里要求学生学习的书籍之一。This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.这是自1990年以来出版的最精彩的小说之一。She is one of the few persons who know Spanish.她是懂得西班牙语的少数几个人中的一位。This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties.这是30年代写的最著名的剧本之一。2、如果one of the + 复数名词这一结构前面带有定冠词或the only之类的限定语，后面定语从句中的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是the one或the only one，而不是那个复数名词。如：1.He is the one of the teachers who knows French in our school.他是我校教师中惟一懂法语的人。（修饰the one）试比较：He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.他是我校懂法语的教师之一。（修饰the teachers）2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now.这是这些房间中惟一没人住的一间。（修饰the only one）试比较：This is one of the rooms that are free now.这是目前没人住的房间之一。（修饰rooms）二、在the sameas结构中，有时也可用the samethat，但两者句意不同。as表示“相似性”，that表示“同一性”，试比较：This is the same pen as I lost yesterday这支钢笔和我昨天丢失的那支是一样的。(两者相似，但不是同一个)This is the same pen that I lost yesterday这正是我昨天丢失的那支钢笔。(即是同一个)This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday这个包与我昨天丢的是同样的。This is the same bag(=the very bag)that I lost yesterday这正是我昨天丢的那个包。三、分隔式定语从句的用法定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有些时候也会被同位语、状语、谓语、其它定语等成分分隔。此时能够理清句子结构，慧眼识别先行词就显得特别重要。 Chan's restaurant>，which used to be poorly run，is now a successful business位于贝克街成龙的餐馆过去经营不善，现在生意兴隆。（先行词是restaurant，在定语从句中作主语，指物且引导非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which。) Last week，only two people came to look at the house，neither of whom wanted to buy it上周，只有两个人来看房，两个人都不想买。(先行词不是the house，而是two people，表示两者，用neither+whom。) The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.这部电影使我想起了在那个遥远的村庄里我受到良好照顾时的时光。（先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语to me所分割。定语从句的先行词是表示时间的名词hours，并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故用表示时间的关系副词when。）