2022年机械工程英语翻译.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Part2 Unit 12 Nanomaterial and Micro-machine 纳米材料和微型机器Nanomaterial纳米材料Nanomaterials and nanotechnolology have become a magic word in modern society. 纳米材料和纳米技术已成为现代社会一个具有魔幻颜色的词汇；Nanomaterials represent todays frontier in the development of novel advanced materials and present great promises and opportunities for a new generation of materials with improved and tailorable properties for applications in sensors, optoelectronics, energy storage, separation and catalysis. 纳米材料代表了当今新型先进材料进展的前沿,为具有各种改良的、能根据人们各种要求进行“ 定制” 的性能的新一代材料,在传感器、光电子学、储能、分别和催化剂技术等方面供应了宽阔的应用前景；So nanomaterials are considered as a great potential in the 21th century because of their special properties in many fields such as optics, electronics, magnetic, mechanics, and chemistry. 因此纳米材料被视为 21 世纪具有庞大的潜力的一种材料,由于在很多领域如光学、电子学、磁学、力学和化学他们的特别性质；These uinque properties are attractive for various high performance applications. 这些特别的性质对于各种不同高性能的应用程序 来说具有很大的吸引力；Exampeples include wear-resistant surfaces, low temperature sinterable high-strength ceramics, and magnetic nanocomposites. 例如耐磨的表层以及在低温环境下 具有高张力的陶瓷和磁力纳米复合材料；Nanostructured materials present great promises and opportunities for a new generation of materials of materials with improved and marvelous properties.纳米结构的材料为新一代具有改良的特殊的性能的材料供应了宽阔的前景；It is appropriate to begin with a brief introduction to the history of the subject. 在这里简洁介绍一下纳米材料的历史；名师归纳总结 Scientific work on this subject can be traced back over 100 years. 在这第 1 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 方面的科学讨论可以追溯得到 100 多年以前；In 1861 the British chemist Thomas Graham coined the term “ colloid ”to describe a solution contion containing 1 to 100 nm diameter particles in suspension. 在 1961 年,英国化学家格雷姆首次用 "胶体 "这个术语来描述一种含有直径为 1100nm 的微小悬浮颗粒的溶液；Around the turn of century, such famous scientists as Rayleigh, Maxwell, and Einstein studied colloids. 大约在 20 世纪末 20 世纪初的时候,一些出名的科学家如雷利 ,麦克斯韦和爱因斯坦开头讨论胶体；In 1930 the Langmuir-Blodgett method for developing developed. monolayer films was 1930 年,单分子薄膜的狼缪尔布罗杰特方法形成；By 1960 Uyeda had used electron microscopy and diffraction to study individual particles. 到 1960 年 Uyeda 已经用电子显微镜检查法以及衍射来讨论单个粒子；At about the same time, arc, plasma, and chemical flame furnaces were employed to produce submicron particles. 几乎是同一时间 电弧,单离子体和化学反射炉已经用于生产亚微米粒子了；Magnetic alloy particles for use in magnetic tapes were produced in 1970.1970 年磁力合金粒子已经运用于磁带中了；By1980, studies were made on clusters containing fewer than 100 atoms. 到 1980 年,已有很多人开头对含有不到 100 个原子的原子团进行了讨论；In1985,a team led by Smalley and Kroto found spectroscopic evidence that C60 clusters were unusually stable. 在 1985 年,一个由斯莫利和克罗托领导的科研小组通过光谱分析证明了C60 原子团具有不同平常的稳固性；In1991, Lijima reported studies of graphitic carbon tube filaments. 1991 年, Lijima 也报道了有关石墨碳管状丝材的讨论情形；Research on nanomaterials has been stimulated by their technological applications. 关于纳米材料的讨论是在他们的技术的应用引起的；The first technological uses of these materials were as catalysts and pigments. 这些纳米材料的第一次技术使用是催化剂和自然色素运用；The large surface area to volume ratio increases the chemical activity. 大面积的体积比增加到化学活动上；Because of this increased activity, there are significant cost advantages in fabricating catalysts from nanomaterials. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 正由于这些增加的讨论,从纳米材料上制造催化剂才有了庞大的成本优势；The properties of some single-phase materials can be improved by preparing them as nanostructurs. 一些单相的材料的性能仍可以通过纳米结构来优化；For example, the sintering temperature can be decreased and the plasticity increased on single-phase, structural ceramics by reducing the grain size to several nanometers. 例如,降低燃烧温度,把颗粒大小缩小几个纳米,可以单相的提升建筑 陶瓷的可塑性；Multiphase nanostructured materials have displayed novel behavior resulting from the small size of the individual phases. 由单个颗粒的小型体积,多相的纳米结构材料已经呈现了非比平常的性 质；In microelectronics, the need for faster switching times and ever larger integration has motivated considerable effort to reduce the size of electronic components. 在微电子学中,对快速转换时间和更大规模的集成电路的需要在减 小电子元件尺寸的工作起到了很大的作用 Increasing the component density increased the difficulty of satisfying cooling requirements and reduces the allowable amount of energy released on switching between states. 而增加器件密度又会增加必需满意冷却条件以及削减开关状态转换是所 答应的最大能量释放的难度；It would be ideal if the switching occurred with the motion of a single electron . 在单电子的移动时开关是最抱负的状态；One kind of single-electron device is based on the change in the Coulombic energy （库伦能） when an electron is added or removed from a particle . 当从一个粒子中增加或较少一个电子的时候,一种单电子装置是以库伦 能的变化为基础的；For a nanoparticle this energy change can be large enough that adding a single electron will effectively block the flow of other electrons. 对于纳米粒子来说,这个能量的变化因增加单个电子有效的限制其他电子的流淌而充分；In addition to technology, nanomaterials are also interesting systems for basic scientific investigations. 除了技术,纳米材料的基本科学调查也是好玩的系统；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - For example , small particles display deviations 偏差 from bulk 体积 solid behavior such as reductions in the melting temperature and changes usually reductions in the lattice parameter. （网状参数）例如微粒材料和块状材料会出现出不同的性能,比如其熔点降低和晶格 参数变小；The changes in the lattice parameter observed for metal and semiconductor particles result from the effect of the surface stress, while the reduction in the melting temperature results from the effect of the surface free energy. 金属和半导体粒子观看来的晶状参数变化是来自于表面的压力,而熔点的降低是来自于表层的自由能的作用；By studying the size dependence of the properties of particles, it is possible to find the critical length scales at which particles behave essentially as bulk matter. 通过讨论微粒性能的数量相关性,有可能发觉微粒像块状材料性能的临 界尺度；Generally, the physical properties of a nanoparticle approach bulk values for particles containing more than a fen hundred atoms. 一般说来,纳米粒子假如达到包含有几百个原子的大小时,其物理性能 就会接近块体材料；New techniques have been developed recently that have permitted researchers to produce larger quantities of other nanomaterials. 进展的新技术已经被讨论学者用于挖掘纳米材料的更多的性能了；Each fabrication technique has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. 每项制造技术都有其优缺点；Chemical techniques are very versatile in that they can be applied to nearly all materials ceramics, semiconductors, and metals and can usually produce a large amount of materials. 化学技术是通用的,它可以运用到陶瓷,半导体以及金属等全部种材料 中,仍可以用来生产大量的其他材料；A difficulty with chemical processing is the need to find the proper chemical reactions and processing conditions for each material. 化学处理的困难是需要找到合适每种材料的化学反应以及反应条件；The ability to characterize nanomaterials has been increased greatly by the invention of the scanning tunneling microscopeSTM and other proximal probes such as the atomic force microscopeAFM, the magnetic force microscope, and the optical near-field microscope . 由于扫描隧道电子显微镜以及源自显微镜和磁力显微镜等类似仪器的创造,人们对纳米的特点的认知才能又大大增强了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - STM has been used to carefully place atoms on surfaces to write bits using a small number of atoms. STM （扫描隧道电子显微镜）技术一般用来将少量的单个原子当心地“ 搬运”到某些材料得的表面来书写二进制数码；It has also been employed to construct a circular arrangement of metal atoms on an insulating surface and hence a nano-scale electronic component is fabricated. 它仍可以用来在绝缘表面将金属原子摆放成一个环状图形,从而制造出纳米尺寸的电子器件；Other new instruments and improvements of existing instruments are increasingly becoming important tools for characterizing surface of films, biological materials, and nanomatirials. 其他新的工具和现有工具的改善已经成为显现薄膜表层,生物材料以及纳米材料的主要手段；The development of nanoindentors and the improved ability to interpret resulting from nanoindentation measurements have increased our ability to study the mechanical properties of nanostructured materials. 纳米材料的进展以及改良的纳米技术的测量才能的呈现增强了我们去研究纳米结构材料的性能的才能；Improved high-resolution electron microscopes and modeling of the electron microscope images have improved our knowledge of the structure of the particles and the interphase region between particles in consolidated nanomaterials. 改良的高辨论率的电子显微镜以及电子显微镜图像的模型提高了我们对粒子的结构以及在加固的纳米材料的分裂区间的熟悉；Micro-machine 微型机器 Introduction 介绍 From the beginning, mankind seems instinctively to have desired large machines and small machines. 从一开头,人类好像就本能地有一种想制造“ 大机器” 和“ 小机器”的愿望；That is , “large ”small ” in comparison with humanscale. 这里的所谓 “ 大” 和“ 小 ”是相对人类本身的尺寸而言的；Machines larger than human are powerful allies in the battle against the fury of nature; smaller machines are loyal partners that do whatever they are told. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 比人体大的机器将称成为人类同暴虐无情的自然界作斗争的得力帮手,而那些小机器就只能乖乖听从人类的命令,让干什么就干什么；If we compare the facility and technology of manufacturing larger machines, common sense tells us that the smaller machines are easier to make. 假如我们将生产大型机器的设备和技术相比,常识告知我们小型机器更简洁制造；Nevertheless, throughout the history of technology, larger machines have always stood out. 尽管如此,整个技术的历史,较大型机器始终很突出；The size of the restored models of the water-mill invented by Vitruvius in the Roman Era, the windmill of the Middle Ages,and the steam engine invented by Watt is overwhelming. 维特鲁维在罗马时代创造复原模型尺寸大小的水车,中世纪的风车,和 瓦特创造的蒸汽机是势不行挡的；On the other hand, smaller machines in history of technology are mostly tools. 另一方面,小型机器的科技历史大部分是工具；If smaller machines are easier to make, a variety of such machines existed ,but until modern times ,no significant small machines existed except for guns and clocks. 假如小型机器相对简洁制造,那么会存在一系列这样的机器,但直到现代,没有重要的小机器存在除了枪和闹钟外；This fact may imply that smaller machines were actually more difficult to make. 这样的事实可能示意较小机器事实上是更难制造；Of course, this does not mean simply that it was difficult to make a small machine; it means that it was difficult to invent a small machine that would be significant to human beings. 当然,这并不简洁意味着制造一个小机器是很困难的；而是意味着创造一个小机器是困难的,那将对人类是重要的；Some people might say that mankind may not have wanted smaller machines. 一些人可能会说人类可能不需要较小型机器；This theory, however, does not explain the recent popularity of palm-size mechatronics products. 然而,这一理论并不能说明最近流行的手掌大小的机电一体化产品；The absence of small machines in history may be due to the extreme difficulty in manufacturing small precision parts. 历史上小机器的缺乏可能是由于制造高精度小部件极度困难；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The dream of the ultimate small machine, or micro-machine, was first depicted in detail about 30 years ago in the 1966 movie “Fantastic Voyage. ” 最终的小机器或微型的抱负,首次被描述在具体介绍30年前在1966年的“ 神奇的航行” 科幻电影中；At the time, the study of micro-machining of semiconductors had already begun. 那时候,半导体的微细加工的讨论已经开头；Therefore, manufacturing minute mechanisms through micro-machining of semiconductors would have been possible. 然而,通过半导体的微加工制造分钟的机制是有可能的；There was, however, a wait of over 20 years before the introduction of electrostatic motors and gears made by semiconductor micro-machining. 然而,有等待超过 20年引进的半导体微细加工制成的静电马达和齿轮；Why didn t the study of micro -machining and the dream of micro-machines meet earlier. 为什么不把微加工的讨论和微型机械的抱负早一点接触呢 . A possible reason for this is as follows. 一个可能的缘由如下；In addition to micro-machining, the development of micro-machines requires a number of technologies including materials, instrumentation, control, energy, information processing, and design. 此外微加工,微型机器的进展需要很多科技技术包括物材、仪器外表、掌握、能源、信息处理和设计；Before micro-machine research and development can be started, all of these technologies must reach a certain level. 在微型机器讨论和进绽开头前,全部这些技术必需达到肯定水平；In other words, the overall technological level, as a whole, must reach a certain critical point, but it hadn hat point 40 years ago. 换句话说,整体技术水平,作为一个整体,必需达到肯定的临界点,但在 40年以前是达不到这一点；Approximately 20 years after “Fantastic Voyage , ”the technology level for micro-machines finally reached a critical point. 大约在科幻电影神奇的航行上映后 于达到一个相当水平；20年,微型机械的技术终Micro-motors and micro-gears made by semiconductor micromachining 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - were introduced at about that time, triggering the research on development of micro-machines. 用半导体加工技术制造出的微型电动机和微型齿轮机构开头在那时候显现,从而刺激了微型机械的讨论和进展；Micromachines as Gentle Machine 微电机作为温顺的机器The most unique feature of a micro-machine is , of course, its small size.Utilizing its tiny dimensions , a micro-machine can perform tasks in a revolutionary way that would be impossible for conventional machines. 当然,它的体积小的微型机器的最特殊的功能；利用其微小的尺寸,微机器可以一种革命性的方式,执行传统的机器不行能的任务；That is , micro-machines do not affect the object or the environment as much as conventional machines do. 也就是说,相比传统机器,微型机器可以尽可能多的不影响它的对象或环境；Micro-machines perform their tasks gently. This is a fundamental difference between micro-machines and conventional machines. 微型机器可以柔和的执行他们的任务；这是微型机器和常规机器之间的根本区分；The medical field holds the highest expectations for benefits from this feature of micro-machines. 在医疗领域拥有最高期望得益于微型机器的特点；Diagnosis and treatment will change drastically from conventional methods, and “Fantastic Voyage” may no longer be a fantasy. 诊断和治疗将从传统方法上发生急剧变化,同时“ 神奇之旅” 可能不再是一个幻想；If a micro-machine can gently enter a human body to treat illnesses, humans will be freed from painful surgery and uncomfortable gastro-camera testing. 假如一个微型机器可以轻轻地进入人体,以治疗疾病,人类将摆脱痛苦的手术和不舒适的胃肠相机测试；Furthermore, if micro-machines can halt the trend of ever-increasing size in medical equipment, it could slow the excess growth and complexity of medical technology, contributing to the solving of serious problems with high medical costs for citizens. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 此外,假如微型机器可以掌握医疗设备日益增加大尺寸,它可能会 放缓医疗技术过剩的增长和复杂性,从而促使公民高额的医疗费用问 题得到解决；Micro-electronics and mechatronics 微型电子和机电一体化The concept of micro-machines and related technologies is still not adequately unified, as these are still at the development stage. 微型机器和相关技术的概念,仍没有充分统一,由于这是仍处于发 展阶段；The micro-machines and related technologies are currently referred to by a variety of different terms. 目前,微型机器及其相关技术涉及很多不同术语；In the United States, the accepted them is “Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ” MEMS; in Europe, the term “Microsystems Technologyis common, while the term “micro-engineeringis sometimes used in Britain. 在美国,“ 微机电系统”（MEMS ）是被接受的,在欧洲通常叫“ 微系统技术” （MST ）而在英国它被称作“ 微型工程”；Meanwhile in Australia “-machine ” .与此同时它在澳大利亚被称作“ 微型机器”；The most common term if it is translated into English is "micro-machine ” in Japan. 最常见到术语,在日本它假如被翻译成英文是“ 微型机器”；However “Micro-robot ” and “-mechanism are also available case by case. 但是“ 微型机器人” 和微观机制“ 也是处处可见的；The evolution of machines and micromachines 机器和微型机器的进展Many researchers see