初高中英语衔接精选PPT.ppt

关于初高中英语衔接第1页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日语音教学语音教学第2页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日26个英文字母及发音音标个英文字母及发音音标第3页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日tsdz trdrbptdkgfvsz lrhwjmnaiei ii uauui:iu:u:e 20辅辅音音32320元音元音国国际际音音标标教学法教学法图图示示第4页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日Semi-vowels 半元音半元音/w/j/v/w/与与/j/是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元音的发音是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元音的发音位置有关系。位置有关系。/w/是个双唇音。是个双唇音。vwe week whether wire wound language persuade /j/是个舌面音是个舌面音 v yes youth use union Europe new 第5页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日Nasal consonants 4.鼻音 /m/,/n/,/v/m/,money make mouth firm harm v/n/,no noun nail learn coin pain nicev/wing king bring sing a song a long string第6页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日Lateral consonant 5.舌边音舌边音 /l/(有两种发音有两种发音)A.如果在元音字母前面如果在元音字母前面,发音发音“clear l”（“清晰的清晰的 l”）。）。舌端抵上齿槽舌端抵上齿槽,舌前部向硬颚抬起舌前部向硬颚抬起,让气流从舌两旁的空让气流从舌两旁的空隙处流过隙处流过,所以叫舌侧音所以叫舌侧音,也叫旁流音或边音。也叫旁流音或边音。vlong leave lion lock color followB.如果如果/l/在辅音前面或词尾在辅音前面或词尾,发发（“模糊的模糊的 l”）音）音.vapple girl ball meal bell sail rule第7页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日Rules of readingv读音规则(Rules of reading)：字母的名称音和它的发音是两回事。至于某个字母在某个单词中究竟发什么音，则取决于这个字母在这个词中前后和什么字母结合,根据这个字母在词中所处的不同位置而发出不同的音来。究竟应该如何发音是有一些规律可循的,将这些规律归纳起来,就成为读音规则。第8页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日Syllablesv音节(Syllables):音节是包含一个元音或一个元音跟别的辅音结合而成的发音单位。在英语中元音特别响亮,一个元音可以构成一个音节,一般来说,元音可以构成音节,辅音不响亮,不能构成音节。v英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音节。v确定音节时,一不能只看字母的数,二不能只看有没有元音字母,而是要看有没有元音。第9页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日1 1、重读音节、重读音节 任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读音节和非重读音节音节和非重读音节 ，哪一个音节重读，该音节的左上方，哪一个音节重读，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“”。2 2、浊化音、浊化音 以以sp_,st_,sk_sp_,st_,sk_开头的单词清辅音开头的单词清辅音/p/t/p/t/k/k/分别要发浊辅音分别要发浊辅音/b/d/g/b/d/g/。3 3、定冠词、定冠词thethe的读音的读音v在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作/，如：，如：the the day,the key),the houseday,the key),the housev在以元音音素开头的单词前要发在以元音音素开头的单词前要发/i:/的音，如：的音，如：the the end,the hour,the inside end,the hour,the inside Attention!第10页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日4、不完全爆破、不完全爆破(Incomplete explosion)爆破音p b t d k g 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出。vbaske(t)ball a(c)tor,bla(ck)board Si(t)down.I can(t)come.vI don(t)believe he is a ba(d)boy.vThe girl in the re(d)coat was on a bla(ck)bike jus(t)now.vThe bi(g)bus from the fa(c)tory is full of people.vWha(t)time does he get up every morning?vThis is an ol(d)pi(c)ture of a bi(g)car.vThe ol(d)do(c)tor has a ca(t),too.vWhat would you like,ho(t)tea or bla(ck)coffee?v 第11页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日英语词性的分类及用法英语词性的分类及用法第12页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日词类词类英英语语名称名称作用作用例例词词第13页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 1.He shouted louder to the runners,but he still couldnt make _ heard.A.him B.himself C.them D.themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river.A.every B.both C.either D.all 3.She has three good friends.One is a doctor;_ are teachers of Chinese.A.another B.the other two C.other D.others Exercises第14页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日v1._(我)am a worker._(你)are a doctor._(她)is a teacher.v2.This is_(他的)shirt.v3.This is _(我的)pen.4._(他们的)trousers are there.v5.I like this picture.Please give _(它)to_(我).v6.People get _(他们的)money from_(我).v7._(他们)are new students._(他们的)names are Lucy and Lily.v8.These are _(我们的)shoes.Can _(我们)wear _(它们)?v9Thank _ for _(你的)help.IYou myhis She Theirtheirme itThey Theirme ourthem we your you第15页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日根据所给单词的正确形式填空：根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the .(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of .(glass)5.Please give them their .(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some .(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonthstomatoespeoplewomenTeachersknivesvegetablesminutesLucys第16页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日句子成分及划分句子成分及划分第17页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日一、介绍与其重要性v句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种：主语主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。第18页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义义充当充当词类词类例句例句主主语语表示句子表示句子说说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动动名名词词，短，短语语或或句子句子We study in No.11 Middle School.谓语谓语说说明主明主语语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样样动词动词或或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示表示动动作行作行为为的的对对象象同主同主语语Both of us like English.表表语语与与联联系系动词连动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓谓语语，说说明主明主语语的性的性质质或特征或特征同主同主语语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语语用来修用来修饰饰名名词词或代或代词词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介副，介词词短短语语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语语修修饰动词饰动词，形容，形容词词，副，副词词，表，表示示动动作作发发生的生的时间时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结结果等果等副副词词，介，介词词短短语语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补补足足语语逻辑逻辑上与上与宾语宾语是主是主谓谓关系关系形容形容词词，名，名词词，介，介词词短短语语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！第19页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日英英语语的的句句子子成成分分：v一）一）主语（主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。）：句子说明的人或事物。Walls have ears.He will take you to the hospital.Three plus four equals seven.To see is to believe.Smoking is not allowed in public places.What he needs is a book.名词名词代词代词数词数词to do不定式不定式动名词动名词句子句子第20页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日英英语语的的句句子子成成分分：v二）谓语二）谓语(predicate)v由由_担任。担任。助动词或情态助动词或情态v动词动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。动词。Action speaks louder than words.Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.动词动词/动词短语动词短语简单谓语简单谓语复合谓语复合谓语第21页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日1.My father is a professor.2.Whos that?Its me.3.Everything here is expensive.4.seeing is believing.5.The picture is on the wall.6.Three times five is fifteen.7.His plan is to seek work in the city.8.the truth is that he has never been abroad.三）三）表语(predicative):它的位置在_之后。是用来说明主语的_,_,_的.系动词系动词性质性质特征特征状态状态 n.pron.adj.prep.num.to do不定式不定式句子句子 V-ing第22页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日（四）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在_之后。_词后也会跟宾语。1.I like English.2.I dont like it.3.I enjoy working with you.4.Give me four please.5.He wants to dream a nice dream.6.We need know what others are doing.动词动词/动词短语动词短语介词介词n.pron.V-ingnum.to do不定式不定式句子句子第23页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日（五）定语 是修饰_词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。1.They are woman workers.2.Toms father is a teacher.3.Mary is a beautiful girl.4.The play has three acts.5.This is her first trip to Europe.6.China is a developing country.7.I have nothing to eat.8.Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.名名前前后后 n.名词所有格名词所有格 adjnum.序数词序数词/to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingto do 不定式不定式从句从句第24页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日六）状语 状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。1.The best fish swim near the bottom.2.I left the village five years ago.3.I arrived late because of the traffic jam.4.Well send a car to fetch you.5.The fish can eat a person in two minutes,leaving only bones6.The students came into the classroom,singing and dancing.7.If he goes,so will I.8.Though he is a child,he knows a lot.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语原因状语原因状语目的状语目的状语结果状语结果状语伴随状语伴随状语条件状语条件状语让步状语让步状语第25页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日七）宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。1.They elected me captain of the team.2.We try to make our country strong.3.We found everything in good order there.4.I should advise you to get the chance.5.I saw him going upstairs.6.They found the house broken in.vWe will soon make our city what your city is now.名词名词形容词形容词介词短语介词短语to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingdone 过去分词过去分词从句从句第26页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日八）主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语1.I was elected captain of the team.2.Our country will be made strong.与宾语补足语一样与宾语补足语一样第27页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分独立成分第28页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日（You）Comehere（I wish you）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gave him）rotteneggsHerunsasfastas,if(he does)not(run)faster,than you.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(should clean it)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：定的意思：省略成分省略成分第29页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日连接成分连接成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从属连词主。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成分，此个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。第30页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日记忆口诀记忆口诀 主谓宾表定状补，解释说明同位语。主谓宾表定状补，解释说明同位语。句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。定语修饰名词代，状修动词还有副。定语修饰名词代，状修动词还有副。主谓人称数一致，宾语之后常有补。主谓人称数一致，宾语之后常有补。第31页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日Exercises：划分下列句子成分划分下列句子成分第32页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日1.The machine doesnt work.1.The machine doesnt work.2.He is an honest student.2.He is an honest student.3.The silk feels soft.3.The silk feels soft.4.I have a lot of friends here.4.I have a lot of friends here.5.Tom lent me 200 dollars.5.Tom lent me 200 dollars.6.I saw him writing a letter.6.I saw him writing a letter.7.I find maths difficult.7.I find maths difficult.8.We call her Lily.8.We call her Lily.9.Father asked me to turn off the TV.9.Father asked me to turn off the TV.主主谓谓宾宾定定状状表表宾补宾补主主 系系an honestan honest表表主主系系主主谓谓主主主主主主主主主主谓谓谓谓谓谓谓谓谓谓间间 宾宾直宾直宾宾宾宾补宾补宾补宾补宾补宾补宾宾宾宾宾宾句子成分常用词性主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语表语表语宾补宾补n/pron.n./pron.Adj.Adv.n./adj.n./adj./to do/doingV第33页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日beautifulsurprisedtoareseemswent Correct mistakes:1.Her voice sounds beautifully.2.The whole company was surprising at the news.3.To see is believe.4.It seem like a good idea.5.The lights still on.6.All the potatoes changed bad.7.Jim was remained a worker.第34页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日1.Is this raincoat yours?No,mine_ there behind the door.A.is hanging B.is hung C.hangs D.was hung Exercises:2._ your head,and youll see the sun_ now.A.Raise;rising B.Raise;raising C.To raise,rising D.Lift;being risen 第35页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 3.More than a dozen students in that school_ abroad to study medicine last year.（上海）（上海）A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent4.The heros story_ differently in the newspaper.（全国（全国I、II）A.was reported B.was reporting C.Reports D.reported第36页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 按句子功能可以分为：按句子功能可以分为：陈述句陈述句 疑问句疑问句 祈使句祈使句 感叹句感叹句第37页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 按句子结构可以分为：按句子结构可以分为：简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句第38页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 简单句简单句Simple Sentences:含有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个含有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.He went up to the door,opened it and entered.第39页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日简单句的五种基本句型:1.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语2.主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语3.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语动词动词系动词系动词不及物动词不及物动词及物动词及物动词主语主语+系系+表语表语主语主语+谓语谓语第40页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日1主语+谓语（S+Vi）1）Everything changes.2）The plane has already arrived.SViS复合谓语第41页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日1）She looks young.2）The city will become rich.在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：“状态状态”类：类：“变化变化”类：类：_.“感官感官”类类:_.“持续持续”类：类：_.其他：（似乎）其他：（似乎）_ _ (证明是证明是)_get/become/turn/grow/gotaste/smell/feel/look/soundstay/keep/remain/continueSeem appearturn out/prove(to be)2主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语be第42页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日3主语+谓语+宾语1.The boss employed five more workers.S Vt O 2.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.3.Few students like taking exams.4.He forgot to close the door.5.I hope I can speak English fluently.第43页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日4主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语1）He has fetched us some new textbooks.S Vt IO DO2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal.S Vt IO DO 3）The man told the girl that he wants to go now.4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.第44页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日5主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this.主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 2）I will keep the box in the shade.3）We found him a very good student.4）She let me stay in the company.第45页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日记忆口诀记忆口诀 英语句子千千万，五大句型把线牵。英语句子千千万，五大句型把线牵。句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。系动词后接表语，不及物后无需连。系动词后接表语，不及物后无需连。及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。第46页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 1.I can swim.2.I like English.3.They are reading books.4.He bought a computer last week.5.My mother is a scientist.6.The food goes bad 7.My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday.Exercises：指出下列句子的基本句型第47页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 8.Can you give me the math book?9.Will you tell us something about your school life?10.We must keep our classroom clean and tidy.11.My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible.12.I heard her singing happily in the room just now.Exercises：第48页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 并列句的简单认识并列句的简单认识第49页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 2、并列句、并列句Compound Sentences 包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。等或用分号连接。e.g.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.第50页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions平行并列连词平行并列连词:转折并列连词：转折并列连词：因果并列连词因果并列连词:选择并列连词选择并列连词:and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and thenbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,eitheror,neither nor第51页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 复合句复合句Complex Sentences第52页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：复合句主要包含以下类型从句：v1.主语从句主语从句 2.宾语从句宾语从句v3.表语从句表语从句 4.定语从句定语从句v5.状语从句状语从句 6.同位语从句同位语从句 第53页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日状语从句：状语从句：用来修饰主句中的动词，形容词和副词的从句。用来修饰主句中的动词，形容词和副词的从句。分类：分类：时间状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句，地点状语从句让步状语从句，地点状语从句第54页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日1时间状语从句 常用when,as,before,while,after,since,till,until,as soon as 等连词引导。e.g.(1)It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday.(2)While he was doing his homework,the telephone rang.(3)As he walked along the lake,he sang happily.(4)He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.(5)After he finished middle school,he went to work in a factory.第55页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日2条件状语从句 常由 if，as(so)long as 和 unless 引导。注意：注意：谓语动词通常用现在时表将来的动作或状态。谓语动词通常用现在时表将来的动作或状态。e.g.(1)Ill help you with English if I am here toorrow.(2)He wont be late unless he is ill.第56页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日3原因状语从句由 because，as，since 或复合连接词 now that，in that 等引导。(注意：for 是连词，虽然也可以表示“因为”，但其后所接的是并列句中的一个独立句，而非从句。)e.g.(1)He didnt come to school beause he was ill.(2)As it is raining,we shall no go to the zoo.(3)Since we have no money,we cant buy the car.第57页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日4结果状语从句由 so that，so.that，such.that 等引导。特别提醒：特别提醒：so.that 与与 such.that 的区别在于：前者的省略号处是的区别在于：前者的省略号处是形容词或副词，而后者的省略号处最终是一个名词。形容词或副词，而后者的省略号处最终是一个名词。“最终最终”的意思的意思是，该名词前也可以出现形容词甚至出现修饰形容词的副词，但整个是，该名词前也可以出现形容词甚至出现修饰形容词的副词，但整个词组的中心词是这个名词。词组的中心词是这个名词。第58页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日5比较状语从句由 than，as.as 引导。e.g.(1)Tom runs faster than John does.(2)his classroom is as big as that one.第59页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日6目的状语从句由so that，in order that，in case 等引导。特别提醒：这类从句常常用情态动词特别提醒：这类从句常常用情态动词 may/might，can/could，should 等，以保证语气通顺自然。等，以保证语气通顺自然。第60页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日7让步状语从句 由 though，although，even if，even though，however，no matter how/what/who 等引导。8地点状语从句 由 where，wherever引导。e.g.Where there is a will,there is a way.第61页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中做宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。由 that 引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)，例如：I heard that he joined the army.由what，whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：She did not know what had happened.I want to know if/whether he lives there.第62页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日 由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which 和 连接副词 when,where,why,how 引导的宾语从句.e.g.Do you know who/whom they are waiting for.He asked whose handwariting was the best.Can you tell me where the No.11 Middle School.I dont know why the train is late.第63页，讲稿共67张，创作于星期日三、定语从句 高考设置此考点时，主要是考查关系词的选择。关系词在定语从句的构成里是至关重要的。我们甚至可以说，掌握不好关系词就无法做成定语从句，也无法理解文中带有定语从句部分的意思。定语从句中的关系词只有两类：关系代词和关系副词，没有连词。也就是说，定语从句中的所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而且都在从句中担