2022年高中英语必修五第一单元知识点讲义及习题.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 必修五 Unit1 讲义characteristic n. 特点；特性指某人或某物天生有别于他人的内部特质Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing. character （高考三大意思）1. 表示人的“ 性格” 或 “ 品质 ”They are twins but have quite different characters. It's that kind of courage and determinationthat makes him such a remarkable character 2. 表示小说或戏剧等中的“ 人物” 或 “ 角色 ” ,是可数名词；如：Who is the main character in the play. 3. 表示“ 文字 ” ,指书写符号或印刷符号等,是可数名词；如：He writes beautiful characters. Chinese character 汉字analyse sb's character build and form one's character radium n. 镭painter n. 画家；油漆匠必修留意： paint 做动词两个意思：1. 绘画 2. 粉刷,油漆put forward 提出；把时钟往前拨,把东西往前移（常遗忘的词组）Who put forward a theory about black holes. He put forward a new plan. Put your watch forward; it's five minutes slower. Why don't you put your chair forward to get a better view.put down 登记；放下；镇压 put out 熄灭put aside 放在一边；储存；保留 put off 推迟；延期put up ；举起；张贴；搭建 put on 穿上；上映,上演；增加put away 收好,整理,归类The band are hoping to put on a UK show before the end of the year. I can eat what I want but I never put on weightWe should put aside our differences scientific adj. 科学的and discuss the things we have in common 名师归纳总结 conclude vt. & vi. 终止；推断出,或者污染（比如说水质被污染不洁净了）第 1 页,共 7 页conclusion n. 结论；终止draw a conclusion 提出结论analyse vt. 分析infect vt. 传染；感染（病毒,疾病）affect effect 辨析- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - affect强调影响的动作,过程；（做动词）The divorce affected Jim deeply Climate and weather affect every aspect of our lives effect 强调影响的结果（一般做名词,有时也动词）,常接句型： have an effect on sth. If an area is affected by flooding, the effect can be devastating；infectious adj. 传染的defeat vt. 打败；战胜；使受挫 n. 失败 辨析 win, beat 与 defeat win “赢得 ”赛事、战事、某物；beat “战胜 ” “击败 ”竞赛中的对手,可与defeat 互换We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores. They won the battle but lost many men. The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams. expert adj. 娴熟的；体会或学问丰富的n. 专家；行家attend vt. 照料；护理；出席；参与（照料可加to 也可不加）attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting/school attend to : to look after, care for, serve 侍侯 , 照料,看护 The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her. Mother had to attend to her sick son. physician n. 医生；内科医师physicist:物理学家doctor 医生 ,是个通用词 ,几乎什么场合都能用 . physician 主要是指“ 内科医生”,与“ 外科医生（ surgeon ）（此单词要背） ” 相对 ,当然在美 语中我也常常听到一般医生也说 surgeon. expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光 expose to （ to 做介词）使显露；暴露 But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 书本原句 但当他一想到要帮忙那些得了霍乱的一般人时,他就感到很兴奋；exposed to cholera 在句中是过去分词作后置定语,表示被动；意为“患霍乱的 ”；如：The book written by Luxun is very popular. The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. expose sb/sth to sthHe exposes his skin to the sun. be exposed to sth.to 做介词 His skin is exposed to the sun We are supposed to be exposed to as much art and culture as possible. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - deadly adj. 致命的cure n. 治愈；痊愈 vt. 治愈；治疗outbreak n. 爆发；发作（尤指疾病或战争）challenge n. 挑战 vt. 向 挑战victim n. 受害者victim 是受害人,受伤或在意外中死亡的人都可以称为 victim Not all the victims survived.sufferer是受难者或患病者,一般指遭受苦难或患病的人absorb vt. 吸取；吸引；使用心句型：be absorbed in 1 用心,全神贯注be absorbed input one s heart into = concentrate on 集中精力做某事I was absorbed in a book and didnt hear your call. Absorbed in his work,Tom simply forgot food and sleep. （2）吸取,把 吸取入Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸取光线；these small companies into its own The big company has gradually absorbed organization. The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him. suspect vt. 怀疑 n. 被怀疑者；嫌疑犯enquiry n. 询问此单词高考少见,不过生活中倒是见得多,=inquiry 比如说某个单位的问询处,公安办案的询问,都是此单词neighbourhood n. 邻近；邻近in the neighborhood 在邻近severe adj. 严峻的；猛烈的；严格的=so serious t go back home in time.I was caught in a severe storm last night and couldnHe has such a severe illness that he has been in hospital. I suffered a severe attack of toothache. clue adj. 线索；提示pump n. 泵；抽水机 vt. （用泵）抽（水）Cambridge 剑桥大街foresee vt. 预见；预知fore 为前缀：在前面,在以前；由此可得出许多词汇的大致意思名师归纳总结 forearm n. 前臂 forehead n. 前额n. 预尝 ,先试第 3 页,共 7 页foresight n. 先见之明 ,远见 ,深谋远虑 foretaste foretell v. 预言 ,猜测 forewarn v. 预先警告foreword n. 前言 ,引言 ,序 forecast v./n. foreground n. 前景（ background 背景）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - investigate vt. & vi. 调查investigation n. 调查blame vt. 批评；声讨过失；批评blame sb. for sth. / doing sth. 因某事批评某人They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人The police blamed the traffic accident on jacks careless driving. be to blame fordoingsth因做某事某人应当受到声讨；留意 :be to blame 应受批评（主动表被动）；应负责任The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident. pollute vt. 污染；弄脏处理； 操纵 = deal with （此单词两个意思老会遗忘其中一个,handle n. 柄；把手 vt. 必需牢记）germ n. 微生物；细菌link vt. & n. 连接；联系link to 将 和 联系或连接起来announce vt. 宣布；通知be responsible for 对. 有责任）certainty n. 确信；的确instruct vt. 命令；指示；教诲responsible adj. 有责任的；负责的（名词形式为responsibility 责任）,动词形式为respond 初学此单词及其简单与response混淆response n. 回应,回复（ the response toThere has been no response to his remarks from the governmentconstruct vt. 建设；修建construction n. 建设；建筑物（under construction 在建设当中）contribute vt. & vi. 捐献,奉献；导致,助于1.此单词初三学过一个短语为 make a contribution to（为 . 作出奉献）This invention made a major contribution to road safety. 2. His research has contributed a lot to our understanding of this disease. He promised to contribute $5,000 to the school rebuilding project. 3. contribute to可表示“ 导致,促成；有助于”；此句型的结构和意思有点类似于lead toSmoking certainly contributed to his early death. apart from 除 之外；此外”1）相当于besides. 意为“ 除 以外（仍包括）Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 除了母语外,我仍会讲好几种外语；2）相当于except. 意为“ 除 以外（不包括）”I like all the subjects apart from English.firework n. n. 烟火（燃放）chart 图表除了英语外,我喜爱全部学科；creative adj. 有制造力的；制造性的；独创的co-operative adj. 合作的positive adj. 积极的；确定的；的确的（be ）strict with 对 严格的revolutionary adj. 革命的；重大变革的movement n. 移动；运动；动作make sense 讲得通；有意义It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat for these cheaper ones are just as good. backward adv. & adj. 向后地（的） ；相反地（的） ；退步地（的）loop n. 圈；环privately adv. 私下地；隐秘地spin vi. & vt. 使 旋转；纺（线或纱）brightness n. 光明；亮度；聪颖enthusiastic adj. 热忱的；热心的句型：be enthusiastic about cautious adj. 当心的；谨慎的 be cautious about 对. 谨慎名词是： caution reject vt. 拒绝；不接受；抛弃universe n. 宇宙；世界过去分词作定语1语法功能相当于一个定语从句The stolen bike belongs to Jack. The bike which was stolen belongs to Jack. The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection. The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection. the affected people 受感染的人a broken heart 一颗破裂的心a lost dog 丧家之犬 a broken glass 被打破的玻璃杯 Attention ：过去分词修饰 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody ,those 等 不定代词时,要放在这些词后面；Is there anything unsolved. There is noting changed here since I left this town.b. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后置,其作用相当于定语从句；people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholera 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jack the machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last year c. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表被动,只表完成；a risen sun 已升起的太阳 the gone days 逝去的时间 fallen leaves 落叶 2）现在分词与过去分词作定语的区分：The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. Have you read the book recommended by your teacher. the changing world（正在变化的）the changed world（变化了的）boiling water （正在沸腾的）boiled water （已经沸腾过的）fading flowers 正在枯萎的 faded flowers（已经枯萎的）a developing country进展中的 a developed country（发达的）a drowning man 快要淹死的人a drowned man 已经淹死的人falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves 落叶 a retired worker 退休工人 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 3）及物动词的过去分词 done与现在分词的被动式 being done都可以表示 “被动 ”,但前者多表示一个完成了的动作,而后者就表示一个正 在进行的动作 . the problem discussed yesterday is very complicated the problem being discussed is very complicated 过去分词做表语1 过去分词（短语）作表语时,其作用相当于 All the windows are broken. All hope is gone. He looked worried after reading the letter. adj.,说明的是主语的状态常见作表语的过去分词有：disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost 等；留意 过去分词作表语时和动词的被动语态结构相像,但两者表达的意思明显不同,前者说明 主语的特点及所处的状态,而后者强调被动的动作；Myglasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了；状态）My glasses were broken by my son. 我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了；（动作）1. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded 2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. 名师归纳总结 A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 第 6 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers _ by her mother. A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought 5. Don t use words, expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known 6. The computer center,_ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 7. Cleaning women in big cities get _ by the hour. A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay 8. As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed 9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing. 名师归纳总结 A.seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating 第 7 页,共 7 页10. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party. A.get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change - - - - - - -