无机及分析化学(化工版)第一章习题及答案.pdf
1.NO 是汽车尾气的主要污染源,有人设想以加热分解的方法来消除之2NON2O2试从热力学角度判断该方法能否实现?解:r rH Hm m 90.252 180.5kJmol-1 r rS Sm m191.61 205.14 210.762 24.62 Jmol-1K-1该反应要实现必须 r rG Gm m0所以高温不利2.设汽车内燃机内温度因燃料燃烧反应达到 1573 K,试计算此温度时下列反应1/2 N2(g)1/2 O2(g)NO(g)的rGm和K解:rGmBfHm1573BSm113 90.251573(210.761191.61205.138)10 70.77kJ/mol22rGm RT lnK70.77 8.3141031573lnKK 4.461033.蔗糖(C12H22O11)在人体内的代谢反应为:C12H22O11(s)+12O2(g)12CO2(g)+11H2O(l)假设其反应热有30%可转化为有用功,试计算体重为70kg的人登上3000m高的山(按有效功计算),若其能量完全由蔗糖转换,需消耗多少蔗糖?解:A=70kg3000m=2.1105kgm=2.11059.8J=2.1103kJrH=2.1103kJ/30%=7.0103kJrHm=11(285.830 kJmol1)+12(393.509 kJmol1)(2222 kJmol1)=5644kJmol1=rH/rHm=7.0103kJ/5644kJmol1=1.24molm(C12H22O11)=1.24342.3=425g4.利用附录 III 的数据,计算 298.15 K 时下列反应的rHm(1)Ca(OH)2(s)+CO2(g)CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)(2)CuO(s)+CO(g)Cu(s)+CO2(g)(3)2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)(4)CH3COOH(l)+2O2(g)2CO2(g)+2H2O(l)解:rHm HBfm(1)rHm=(1206.92)+(285.83)(986.09)(393.51)=113.15kJmol1(2)rHm=0+(393.51)-(157.3)(110.53)=-125.68 kJmol1(3)rHm=2(395.72)(296.83)=197.78 kJmol1(4)rHm=2(393.51)+2(285.83)(484.5)=874.18 kJmol15.已知下列化学反应的反应热:(1)C2H2(g)+5/2O2(g)2CO2(g)+H2O(g);rHm=1246.2 kJmol1(2)C(s)+2H2O(g)CO2(g)+2H2(g);rHm=+90.9 kJmol1(3)2H2O(g)2H2(g)+O2(g);rHm=+483.6 kJmol1求乙炔(C2H2,g)的生成热 fHm。解:反应 2(2)(1)2.5(3)为:2C(s)+H2(g)C2H2(g)fHm=2rHm(2)rHm(1)2.5rHm(3)=290.9(1246.2)2.5483.6 kJmol1=219.0 kJmol16.高炉炼铁中的主要反应有:C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g)1/2CO2(g)+1/2C(s)CO(g)CO(g)+1/3Fe2O3(s)2/3Fe(s)CO2(g)(1)分别计算 298.15K 时各反应的rHm和各反应rHm值之和;(2)将上列三个反应式合并成一个总反应方程式,应用各物质 298.15K 时的fHm数据计算总反应的反应热,与计算结果比较,并作出结论。解:(1)rHmBfHmrHm(1)393.51 0 0 393.51kJmol11rHm(2)110.53(393.51)0 86.23kJmol121rHm(3)0(393.51)(110.53)(824.2)8.25kJmol13(1)rHm(2)rHm(4)=315.53kJmol1rHmrHm(2)rHm31BfHm 0(393.51)(824.2)00 315.53kJmol123无论是一步反应或多步反应化学反应热效应总和总是相等的。7.利用附录 III,判断下列反应 298.15K 能否自发向右进行。(1)2 Cu+(aq)Cu2+(aq)+Cu(s)(2)AgCl(s)+Br(aq)AgBr(s)+Cl(aq)(3)4NH3(g)+5O2(g)4NO(g)+6H2O(g)(4)4NO(g)+6H2O(g)4NH3(g)+5O2(g)解:rGm BfGm(1)r rG Gm m=65.49+049.982=34.47 kJmol10能自发反应(2)r rG Gm m=(96.9)+(131.22)(109.79)(103.96)=14.38 kJmol10能自发反应(3)r rG Gm m=4(86.55)+6(228.58)4(16.45)0=959.48 kJmol10(4)r rG Gm m=4(16.45)+04(86.55)6(228.58)=959.48kJmol108.由软锰矿二氧化锰制备金属锰可采取下列两种方法:(1)MnO2(s)+2H2(g)Mn(s)+2H2O(g);(2)MnO2(s)+2C(s)Mn(s)+2CO(g);上述两个反应在 25,100 kPa 下是否能自发进行?如果考虑工作温度愈低愈好的话,则制备锰采用哪一种方法比较好?解:(1)rGm(298K)(466.14)2(228.58)8.98kJmol01(2)r rG Gm m(298K K)(466.14)2(137.17)191.8kJmol10所以两个反应在 25,100 kPa 下都不能自发进行。一式的rHm=36.39 kJmol11rSm=95.24 kJmolT1=382K一式的rHm=298.98 kJmol11rSm=362.28 kJmol T2=825K仅考虑温度时,选(1)有利是大于零还是小于零:9.定性判断下列反应的rSm(1)Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g)(2)CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g)(3)NH3(g)+HCl(g)NH4Cl(s)(4)CuO(s)+H2(g)Cu(s)+H2O(l)解:(1)rSm0(2)r rS Sm m0(3)rSm0(4)r rS Sm m010.糖在人体中的新陈代谢过程如下:C12H22O11(s)+12O2(g)12CO2(g)+11H2O(l)若反应的吉布斯函数变rGm只有 30%能转化为有用功,则一匙糖(3.8g)在体温 37时进行新陈代谢,可得多少有用功?(已知 C12H22O11的fHm=2222kJmol1 Sm=360.2Jmol1K1)解:C12H22O11(s)+12O2(g)12CO2(g)+11H2O(l)fHm/kJmol122220393.509285.830Sm/Jmol1K1360.2205.138213.7469.91rHm=11(285.830)+12(393.509)(2222)kJmol1=5645kJmol1rSm=1169.91+12213.7412205.138360.2 Jmol1K1=512.03 Jmol1K1rGm=rHmTrSm=5645kJmol1310.15K512.03103kJmol1K1=5803kJmol1=nB/B=3.8g/342gmol1=1.11102molW有用功=30%rG=30%rGm=30%(5803kJmol1)1.11102mol=19kJ负号表示系统对环境做功。11.已知反应2H2(g)+2NO(g)2H2O(g)+N2(g)的速率方程 v=k c(H2)c2(NO),在一定温度下,若使容器体积缩小到原来的 1/2 时,问反应速率如何变化?解:v=k c(H2)c2(NO)v2=k 2c(H2)2c(NO)2=8 v反应速率将为原速率得 8 倍。12.某基元反应 A+B C,在 1.20L 溶液中,当 A 为 4.0 mol,B 为 3.0mol 时,v 为 0.0042molL1s1,计算该反应的速率常数,并写出该反应的速率方程式。解:v=kcAcBk=0.0042moldm3s1/(4.0 mol/1.20dm3)(3.0mol)/1.20dm3=3.5104 mol1dm3s113.已知反应 HI(g)+CH(3g)CH4+I2(g)在 157oC 时的反应速率常数 k=1.710-5Lmol-1s-1,在 227oC 时的速率常数 k=4.010-5Lmol-1s-1,求该反应的活化能。解:由lnk k1k k2=Ea 11 RT1T2得Ea1.710511ln()8.314 4305004.0105Ea=21.85 kJmol114.某病人发烧至 40时,使体内某一酶催化反应的速率常数增大为正常体温(37)的 1.25 倍,求该酶催化反应的活化能?解:lnEa111 1.258.31410-3kJmol1K1310K313KEa=60.0 kJmol115.某二级反应,其在不同温度下的反应速率常数如下:T/K645675715750k 103/mol1 Lmin16.1522.077.5250(1)作 lnk1/T 图计算反应活化能 Ea;(2)计算 700 K 时的反应速率常数 k。解:(1)画图略,Ea=140kJmol1;k1.410511()(2)ln48.3147007157.5510k 4.56104mol1 Lmin116.写出下列各化学反应的平衡常数 K表达式:1)HAc(aq)3)C(s)+H2O(g)5)CaCO3(s)H+(aq)+Ac(aq)2)Cu2+(aq)+4NH3(aq)CO(g)+H2(g)4)AgCl(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g)2Mn2(aq)+5SO42(aq)+3H2O(l)Cu(NH3)4(aq)Ag(aq)+Cl(aq)6)2MnO4(aq)+5SO32(aq)+6H(aq)解:1)K=(c(H+)/c)(c(Ac)/c)(c(HAc)/c)12)K=(c(Cu(NH3)4/c(c(Cu2+)/c)1(c(NH3)/c)43)K=(p(CO)/p)(p(H2)/p)(p(H2O)/p)14)K=(c(Ag+)/c)(c(Cl)/c)5)K=p(CO2)/p6)K=(c(Mn+2)/c)2(c(SO42)/c)5(c(MnO41)/c)2(c(SO32)/c)5(c(H+)/c)617.已知下列化学反应在 298.15K 时的平衡常数:(1)2N2(g)+O2(g)(2)N2(g)+2O2(g)计算反应 2 N2O(g)+3O2(g)2N2O(g);K1=4.810372NO2(g);K2=8.810194NO2(g)的平衡常数K。解:(2)2(1)为所求反应:2 K K3(K K2)/K K1(8.81019)2/4.810371.6.18.已知下列反应在 298.15K 的平衡常数:1)SnO2(s)+2H2(g)2)H2O(g)+CO(g)2H2O(g)+Sn(s);K1=21H2(g)+CO2(g);K2=0.034Sn(s)+2CO2(g)在 298.15K 时的平衡常数 K。计算反应2CO(g)+SnO2(s)解:反应(1)+2(2)为所求反应:K=K1(K2)2=210.0342=2.410219.密闭容器中反应2NO(g)+O2(g)2NO2(g)在 1500K 条件下达到平衡。若始态p(NO)=1 50kP a,p(O2)=450kP a,p(N O2)=0;平衡时p(N O2)=25kP a。试计 算平衡时 p(NO),p(O2)的分压及平衡常数 K。解:V、T 不变,p n,各平衡分压为:p(NO)=15025=125kPa;p(O2)=45025/2=437.5kPaK=(p(NO2)/p)2(p(NO)/p)2(p(O2)/p)1=(25/100)2(125/100)2(437.5/100)1=9.110320.密闭容器中的反应 CO(g)+H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g)在 750K 时其 K=2.6,求:(1)当原料气中 H2O(g)和 CO(g)的物质的量之比为 11 时,CO(g)的转化率为多少?(2)当原料气中 H2O(g)CO(g)为 41 时,CO(g)的转化率为多少?说明什么问题?解:(1)V、T 不变CO(g)+H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g)起始 n/mol1100平衡 n/mol1x1xxxn=2(1x)+2x=2平衡分压1 xp总1 xp总xp总xp总2222K=(p(H2)/p)(p(CO2)/p)(p(H2O)/p)1(p(CO)/p)12.6=(x)2(1 x)222x=0.617(CO)=61.7%(2)x2/(1x)(5x)=2.6x=0.92(CO)=92%H2O(g)浓度增大,CO 转化率增大。21.在 317K,反应N2O4(g)2NO2(g)的平衡常数K=1.00。分别计算当体系总压为 400kPa和 800kPa 时 N2O4(g)的平衡转化率,并解释计算结果。解:N2O4(g)2NO2(g)平衡时1-2平衡总体系物质量1p总为总压力,则 p(N2O4)=p总1 2;p(NO2)=p总1 1 2 p p/p p 2 2总总 p p(NONO2)/p p 1 K K 1 p p(N N2O O4)/p p p p总总/p p1 把总压为 400kPa 和 800kPa,p p100 kPa 分别代入上式可求得总压 400kPa 时,124.3%总压 800kPa 时,217.4%增大压力,平衡向气体分子数减少的方向移动,(N2O4)下降。22.某反应 3A(g)+B(g)2C(g),按 V(A):V(B)=3:1 配制原料气。在某种催化剂作用下,于温度为 T、压力为 20.0 kPa 时达到平衡。这时 C(g)的体积分数为 6.00%。试计算在此温度下该反应的标准平衡常数K。解:3A(g)+B(g)2C(g)平衡时气体体积百分比70.5%23.5%6206%2)(p p/p p)100C CK K 1.09 3 2070.5%2023.5%(p pA A/p p)(p pB B/p p)()3()100100 2(23.已知尿素 CO(NH2)2的fGm=197.15kJmol1,求尿素的合成反应2NH3(g)+CO2(g)H2O(g)+CO(NH2)2(s)在 298.15K 时的rGm和K。解:rGm vBfGm(B)=(228.58)+(197.15)2(16.45)(394.36)=1.53kJmol1 r rG Gm m RTRT lnlnK K 所以K K(298.15K)=0.53924.25时,反应 2H2O2(g)2H2O(g)+O2(g)的rHm为210.9kJmol1,rSm为 131.8Jmol1K1。试计算该反应在 25和 100时的K,计算结果说明问题。解:r rG Gm m(298.15K).r rH Hm m 298.15 r rS Sm m210.9103298.15131.82.502105Jmol1 r rG Gm m(373.15K).r rH Hm m373.15 r rS Sm m210.9103373.15131.82.601105Jmol1 r rG Gm m RTRT lnlnK K 所以K K(298.15K)=6.81043 K K(373.15K)=2.51036H2O2分解反应为放热反应,随着温度升高,平衡向左移动。25.在一定温度下 Ag2O 的分解反应为Ag2O(s)2Ag(s)+1/2O2(g)假定反应的rHm,rSm不随温度的变化而改变,估算Ag2O 的最低分解温度和在该温度下的 p(O2)分压是多少?解:rHm=31.05kJmol111rSm=242.5+205.138/2121.3Jmol K=66.269Jmol1K1T=rHm/rSm=31.05kJmol1/66.269103kJmol1K1=468.5 K此时,rGm=0 kJmol1,K=1,K=(p(O2)/p)1/2,p(O2)=100kPa。26:乙苯(C6H5C2H5)脱氢制苯乙烯有两个反应:(1)氧化脱氢C6H5C2H5(g)+1/2 O2(g)(2)直接脱氢C6H5C2H5(g)C6H5CHCH2(g)+H2O(g)+H2(g)C6H5CHCH2(g)若反应在 298.15K 进行,计算两反应的平衡常数,试问哪一种方法可行?C6H5C2H5(g)C6H5CH CH(g)213.8213.8H2O(g)fGol1130.6130.6m(298.15K)/kJm228.57228.57解:(1)rGBfG)m(298.15K)m(B,298.15KB 213.8228.57130.6 145.4kJmol1 0由由rGm RTlnK得得lnK rGm/RT145.4103/(8.314298.15)58.6525K 2.9810BfG)(2)rGm(298.15K)m(B,298.15KB 213.8130.683.2kJmol1 0lnK rGm/RT 83.2103/(8.314298.15)33.56K 2.651015所以反应(1)可行。27.已知反应2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)在 427和 527时的 K值分别为 1.0105和1.1102,求该温度范围内反应的rHm。解:lnK1 H 11 rmK2RT1T2rHm1.010511ln 231.1108.31410427 273.15527 273.15rHm=317 kJmol128.计算密闭容器中反应 CO(g)+H2O(g)CO2+H2(g)在 800K 时的平衡常数K;若欲使此时 CO 的转化率 90%,则原料气的摩尔比n(CO):n(H2O)应为多少?解:rGmBfHm1573BSm 393.509(110.525 241.818)800(213.74130.684188.825197.674)103 7.506kJ/molrGm RT lnK7.506 8.314103800lnKK 3.09假设是 CO 的转化率为 90%,假设nco2nH2oaCO+H2O=CO2+H21a0.90.90.90.9平衡0.1a-0.90.90.90.92Ka=3.520.1(a 0.9)nco2nH2o7N2(g)+3H2(g),在 673 K 和 100 kPa 总压下的解离度为29.NH3的分解反应为 2NH3(g)98%,求该温度下反应的平衡常数K和rGm。解:2NH3(g)N2(g)+3H2(g)100平衡(1-a)1/2a3/2a11/23/2;p(N2)p总;p(H2)p总111pNpH2()(2)3(0.49)(1.47)3pp1.98 992.6=1.98K0.022pNH23()()1.98pp(NH3)p总rGm RT ln K 8.314673ln992.6 3.861104J/mol 38.61kJ/mol30.Write equations for the two reactions corresponding to the followingfHmvalues.Combine theseequations to give that for the reaction.2NO2(g)N2O4(g)Caculate therHmvalue for this reaction,and state whether the reaction is endothemic or exothermic.fHm(NO2,g)33.84kJ/molfHm(N2O4,g)9.66kJ/molSolution:1/2N2(g)+O2(g)N2(g)+2O2(g)NO2(g),fHm(NO2,g)33.84kJ/molN2O4(g),fHm(N2O4,g)9.66kJ/molrHmBfHm 9.662(33.84)58.02kJ/mol,The reaction is exothermic.31.The enthalpy change for which of the following process represents the enthalpy of formation of AgCl?Explain.(a)Ag(aq)Cl AgCl(s)(b)Ag(s)1Cl(g)AgCl(s)22(c)AgCl Ag(s)1Cl(g)(d)Ag(s)AuCl(s)AgCl(s)Au(s)22Solution:(b)32.Under standard state,caculate the enthalpy of decompsition of NaHCO3(s)into Na2CO3(s),CO2(g)and H2O(g)at 298.15K.2NaHCO3(s)Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g)Solution:rHmBfHm(1130.68)(393.51)(241.82)2(950.81)33.91Jmol133.Without consulting entropy tables,predict the sign ofS for each the following process.(a)O2(g)2O(g)(b)N2(g)3H2(g)2NH3(g)(c)C(s)H2O(g)CO(g)H2O(g)(d)Br2(l)Br2(g)(e)Desaltination of seawater(f)Hard boiling of an egg.Solution:(a)S0(b)S0(c)S0(d)S0(e)S0(f)S0for the formation of HI(g)from its gaseous elements is-10.10 kJ/mol at 500K.When the partial34.fGmpressure of HI is 10.0 atm,and of I2 0.001 atm,what must the partial pressure of hydrogen be at this temperatureot reduce the magnitude ofGfor the reaction to 0.Solution:I2(g)+H2(g)G rGm RT lnQ2HI(g)0 10.102 8.314500lnQ102=129Q 0.001 pH2pH2 775.2atm35.Calculate the enthalpy change for the reactionsSiO2(s)4HF(g)SiF4(g)2H2O(g)SiO2(s)4HCl(g)SiCl4(g)2H2O(g)Explain why hydrofluoric acid attacks glass,whereas hydrochloric acid does dot.Solution:反应(1)rHmBfHm(1614.9)(241.82)(910.49)(271.1)反应(2)rHm 675.11Jmol1BfHm(657.01)(241.82)(910.49)(92.31)103.99Jmol1反应(1)是放热反应,而反应(2)是吸热反应,所以(1)更容易进行。36.In a catalytic experiment involving the Haber process,mesured asN23H2 2NH3,the rate of reaction wasv(NH3)NH3 2.0104molL1s1tIf there were no side reactions,what was the rate of reaction expressed in terms of(a)N2(b)H2?Solution:123(H2)2.0104 3.0104mol L1s12(N2)2.01041.0104molL1s137.In terms of reaction kinetics,explain why each of the following speeds up a chemical reaction:(a a)catalyst(b b)increase in temperature(c c)increase in concentration.Solution:(a a)由于催化剂降低了化学反应的活化能,加快了化学反应的进行。(b b)温度升高,参与反应的分子的平均能量升高,从而降低了活化能;另外,温度升高,同时分子碰撞频率增快,所以加快了化学反应。(c c)浓度升高,活化分子数目增多,所以化学反应加快。38.What is the rate law for the single-step reaction A+B 2C?A possible mechanism for the reaction2H2 2NO N2 2H2Ois2NON2O2H2 N2O2 N2O H2OH2 N2O N2 2H2OIf the second step is rate determining,what is the rate law for this reaction?Solution:k CACB k C2NO39.Calculatethevalueofthethermodynamicdecompositiontemperature(Td)react ionNH4Cl(s).=NH3(g)+HCl(g)at th e st andard state.Solution:rHm=46.11 92.307+314.43 kJmol1=176.01 kJmol1rSm=192.45+186.90894.6 Jmol1K1=284.758Jmol1K1Td=rHm/rSm=176.01 kJmol1/284.758103kJmol1K1=618.12K40.The rate constant for the reaction of oxygen atomswith aromatic hydrocarbons was 3.03 107 Lmol-1s-1 at341.2K,and 6.91107 Lmol-1s-1 at 392.2K.Calculate the activation energy of this reaction.Solution:6.91107Ea11lg()72.3038.314 392.2341.23.0310Ea 17.9kJ/mol