（新高考）2021届高三大题优练5 七选五 说明文 教师版.docx

七选五之说明文大题优练5优选例题【例题1】You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water. You get what you need, head to the front, and choose the line that looks fastest. You chose wrong. People who you swear got in other lines long after you are already checked out and off to the parking lot. 1 It turns out that its just math working against you; chances are that the other line really is faster. Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay. 2 Any small interruption a price check, a chatty customer-can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line. If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers. Think about the probability: 3 So its not just in your mind: Another line probably is moving faster. Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem. Make all customers stand in one long, snaking line called a serpentine line and serve each person at the front with the next available register. 4 This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants. With a serpentine line, a long delay at one register wont unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it. Instead, it will make everyone slow down a little bit but speed up checkout overall. 5 It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores cant afford the space or manpower. So wherever your next wait may be: Good luck.A. Why does this always seem to happen to you?B. So why dont most places encourage serpentine lines?C. Some of the may have stood in a queue for almost an hour.D. The chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three.E. How high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line?F. With three registers, this method is much faster than the traditional approach.G. But sometimes, as on a Sunday afternoon, the system gets particularly busy.【答案】AGDFB【解析】本文是说明文。文章说明了杂货店排队方式以及研究人员提出的蛇形队伍的新方式，并分析了各自的利弊。1.下文“It turns out that its just math working against you; chances are that the other line really is faster.”（原来，这只是你的数学问题；很可能，另一个队伍真的更快。）解释了上文“You chose wrong.”的原因，下文与空格处是因果关系，所以本空应该是对前文选错提出疑惑，故选A项。2.上文“Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay.”（杂货店尽量让足够的员工以最快的速度给所有的顾客结账。）”解释了杂货店之前的工作模式，下文“Any small interruption a price check, a chatty customer can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.”（任何一个小小的中断，比如一次价格核对，一个喋喋不休的顾客，都会影响后面的一系列行为，拖慢结账速度。）描述了杂货店的特殊情况，故本空应该填出现特殊情况的原因，故选G项。3.根据上文“If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers.”（如果杂货店中有三列队伍在排队，延迟将在不同的队伍中随机发生。），并联系下文“So its not just in your mind: Another line probably is moving faster.”（所以这不仅仅是在你的想象里：另一条队伍可能移动得更快。）可知本空说的是任何一个队伍都有可能出现问题。你的队伍排得最快的几率只有三分之一。故选D项。4.上文提示：我们得知研究人员有一个很好的方法来处理这个问题。下文提示：大多数银行和快餐店都是这样做的。排蜿蜒的队伍，在一个登记处长时间拖延不会不公平地惩罚后面排队的人。相反，它会减慢每个人一点点，但加快了整体结帐速度。）说明这个新方案迅速有效，联系上下文可知，空格中应该是与旧的结账方式作比较。故选F项。5.结合下文“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores cant afford the space or manpower.”（要让一条队伍快速结账，需要很多的收银机，而有些商店没有足够的空间和人力资源。）说明了一个原因，由此可知，空格处是提出了一个问题。通过“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly.”可知这里描述的是不鼓励蛇形队伍的原因。故选B项。【例题2】Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. 6 Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. Too often, when you stand up to give a speech, you focus on the “public” at the expense of the “speaking.” 7 Focus on the speaking. Talk directly to your audience, be yourself and make a connection.Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes. Yet, the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking. Peoples attention wanders constantly. In fact, most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speakers message. So, dont stop speaking when you make a mistake unless its a truly serious one. 8 Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker. 9 And like everything else in life, that takes practice. Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis. 10 Its rare to hear someone say, “I wish that speaker had spoken longer”. On the other hand, you probably cant count the times that youve thought, “Im glad that talk is over. It seemed to go on forever!” So surprise your audience. Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated. Its better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.A. Do the opposite.B. You want to be an effective public speaker.C. You dont need to apologize for a minor slip.D. When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.E. The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.F. Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners.G. However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they are trained to be.【答案】GACBD【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了成为一个优秀的演说家必须掌握的原则。6.过渡衔接句。本文结构为总分，第一段总领全文，设空前一句谈到有些人生来就有演讲的天赋，后一句设问则是：你想成为一个优秀的演说家吗？以下是一些你必须掌握的原则。前后为转折关系，审视选项，G项（然而，大多数人之所以能成为有效的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练。）符合文意，故选G。7.细节支撑句。设空前一句：很多时候，当你站起来演讲时，你会把注意力放在公众上，而不是演讲上。后文谈到专注于演讲，直接和你的听众交谈，做你自己，建立联系。审视选项，A项（做相反的事。）符合文意，故选A。8.主旨概括句。设空处位于段末，此段主要告诉人们不要害怕犯错，听众的注意力总是分散的，所以，当你犯错时不要停止，除非是非常严重的错误，审视选项，C项（你不需要为一个小失误道歉。）符合文意，故选C。9.细节支撑句。设空前一句：你的目标不是成为一个完美的公众演说家。根据复现词“speaker”，且根据设空后文（就像生活中的其他事情一样，这需要练习。）可知，B项（你是想成为一个有效的公众演说家。）符合文意，故选B。10.主旨概括句。设空处位于段首，结合本段大意可知，听众希望演讲是言简意赅的，审视选项，D项（就公开演讲而言，通常少即是多。）符合文意，故选D。模拟优练（一）A CV is one of the most important parts of your application to an overseas university. 1 Here are some useful tips that could help you make a competitive CV before the interview.Keep it brief. Aim to include as much information as you can when writing your CV, such as your educational experience, extracurricular activities, skills, hobbies and interests. Remember to keep them brief, using key points to highlight your strengths and commitment. 2 Emphasize your educational experience. If you have a high GPA, put it on top. List all academic programs or overseas exchange programs you have participated in. 3 You should also list your academic awards, honors, leadership experience and other achievements. 4 To show your excellence, the following aspects could make you stand out from other applicants. Your experience in extracurricular activities, school clubs and voluntary work could speak for you. List two or three activities that have helped you cultivate leadership and teamwork and show your influence on society.Meet all the formal requirements. You are supposed to create a CV that is properly organized and easy to read. 5 They often provide their specific recommendations, or the template.A. Highlight your personal strength.B. Emphasize your preferences for school clubs.C. It is better to check the websites of your target universities.D. You should also provide abundant useful information in your CV.E. Then write specifically what you have learned through these programs.F. The thumb rule is to keep the length of your CV within one or two pages.G. Impressing the admission officers with a perfect CV is a passport to success.【答案】GFEAC【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了可以帮助你在面试前制作一份有竞争力的简历的一些有用的建议。1.根据前文“A CV is one of the most important parts of your application to an overseas university.”（简历是你申请国外大学最重要的部分之一。）可知G选项（用一份完美的简历打动招生办负责人是一切顺利的通行证。）符合题意，故选G项。2.根据前文“Remember to keep them brief.”可知，简历要简短。F选项（最基本的原则是将简历的页数控制在一到两页之内。）符合题意，故选F项。3.根据前文“List all academic programs or overseas exchange programs you have participated in.”（列出你参加过的所有学术项目或海外交流项目。）可知，接下来应该写从中学到了什么。E选项（然后具体说明你从这些项目中学到了什么。）符合题意，故选E项。4.根据下文“To show your excellence, the following aspects could make you stand out from other applicants.”（为了体现你的优秀，以下几点可以让你从众多申请者中脱颖而出。）可知，简历中也要展现自己的长处。A选项（突出你的个人优势。）符合题意，故选A项。5.根据前文“Meet all the formal requirements.”（满足所有的官方要求。）以及后文“They often provide their specific recommendations, or the template.”（他们通常会提供他们具体的建议或模板。）可知，要提前查看相应大学的网站。C选项（最好查看你的目标院校的网站。）符合题意，故选C项。（二）A popular person is someone who is admired, appreciated, or loved by their peers. Others want to be associated with them, and they have plenty of friends. A popular person usually has a high social status in their peer group. 6 Care about your appearance.Taking pride in your appearance is one of the simplest ways to improve your social prospects and alter the way people think about you. You do not have to wear expensive or fashionable clothes to become popular. 7 Be confident.If you want people to like you for who you are, you have to also like yourself. 8 When people notice the confident way you hold yourself, theyll realize you are someone worth being around.Join in. 9 Dont walk the halls with your head lowered or skip lunch because you have no one to sit with; talk to people and get to know them. Show an interest in whats going on around you. Take part in classes like art and PE as these are often cooperative, team-building environments. Before long youll start to pick up on what people are like and begin make friends that share common interests. 10 Spend time hanging out with a lot of different people. People who are truly popular are comfortable being friendly with everyone they meet with. Dont just be friends with one group or type of person, but make an effort to get to know everyone. You'll begin bridging gaps in separate groups and become known as a person that brings people together.A. Diversify your social circle.B. Be kind to people outside your group.C. These are some factors which can lead to a natural popularity.D. Involve yourself in other students and participate in the same activities.E. You might not notice it but eventually you will get to know the benefits of appearance.F. Instead, aim to look decent at all times, including your hairstyles and personal tidiness.G. Remind yourself of your positive features and try to let those be the ones you display to others.【答案】CFGDA【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了让自己成为受欢迎的人的一些方法。6.根据前句“A popular person usually has a high social status in their peer group.”及下文内容可知，这里为承上启下句，为读者介绍一些让自己受欢迎的因素。所以选择项C（这些都是一些能让你自然而然受欢迎的因素。）符合上下文语境。故选C。7.根据小标题Care about your appearance.和前句“You do not have to wear expensive or fashionable clothes to become popular.”可知外表很重要，但你不一定要穿昂贵或时尚的衣服所以选项F（相反，你要时刻保持得体，包括发型和个人整洁。）符合上下文语境。故选F。8.上文提示：如果你想让人们喜欢真实的你，你也必须喜欢你自己。下文提示：当人们注意到你自信的样子时，他们会意识到你是一个值得与之交往的人。所以选项G（提醒自己努力展现积极的一面。）符合上下文语境。故选G。9.根据小标题Join in.和后文内容可知，要多参加活动。所以选项D（多和其他同学一起参加相同的活动。）符合上下文语境。故选D。10.此处考查本段小标题。下文提示：花时间和很多不同的人在一起。真正受欢迎的人会乐于与他们遇到的每个人都保持友好的关系。不要只和一群人或一类人做朋友，而要努力去了解每一个人。这会让你弥合不同群体之间的分歧，成为一个能把大家团结在一起的人。可知在本部分，作者建议要与不同的人交朋友，拓展自己的社交圈。所以选择项A（丰富社交圈。）符合本段小标题。故选A。（三）Every day, we are faced with challenges and uncertainties. While these are things that are out of our control, we can most certainly control how we react and feel in such situations. 11 Optimism is a simple yet powerful mindset that can affect us in many ways.An optimist will be more committed towards his goals. When some people set a goal they dont account for the problems they run into. They view them as barriers that cant he removed. This is why the minute something doesnt go as planned they start to shrink and give up. 12 In fact, an optimistic person will merely look at the problems as new experiences and new possibilities. He understands that failure is just part of the process and welcomes it with open arms. 13 A survey conducted by Gallup found that only 35 percent of US managers are occupied in their jobs. This lack of devotion and its influence on employees costs the US approximately $77 billion to $96 billion each year. Optimistic leaders can help motivate their employees. 14 Above all, optimism offers a healthier and longer life. A study from the University of Pittsburgh concluded that those who have an optimistic viewpoint have a 30 percent lower risk of heart disease. 15 Additionally, research published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal found that optimists are less likely to experience disabilities as they get older and end up living longer.In life, movement and growth is important and necessary, which optimism helps us achieve.A. They see failure as a new start.B. We can learn to keep optimistic.C. Optimists also spread a good atmosphere.D. They think about possible positive outcomes.E. Thats because they are generally happier and less stressed.F. On the other hand, an optimistic person is more open to problems.G. Similarly, having a positive attitude can inspire everyone around us.【答案】BFCGE【解析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了乐观是一种朴素而强大的心态，可以在许多方面影响我们。11.上文提示：虽然这些都是我们无法控制的事情，但我们可以很肯定地控制我们在这种情况下的反应和感受。下文提示：乐观是一种朴素而强大的心态，可以在许多方面影响我们。空格处应该引入乐观这一主题。B项（我们可以学会保持乐观。）引出乐观这个主题。故选B。12.上文提示：当一些人设定目标时，他们没有考虑到他们会遇到的问题。因此他们将其视为无法消除的障碍。这就是为什么一旦事情没有按计划进行，他们就会开始退缩和放弃。下文提示：事实上，乐观的人只会把这些问题看成是新的经历和新的可能性。因此空格处应该陈述乐观主义者在遇到问题时该怎么办。F项（另一方面，乐观的人更容易接受问题。）陈述了乐观者面对问题的态度，承上启下。故选F。13.下文提示：盖洛普公司开展的一项调查发现，美国只有35%的经理在专心工作。缺乏奉献的精神及其对员工的影响每年会使美国损失约770亿至960亿美元。乐观的领导者可以激励员工。在一个公司中，如果领导是个乐观的人，公司的效益会很好。相反地，如果领导缺乏奉献精神那么会造成巨大的损失。由此推知，本段主要在讲述在公司之中需要良好的氛围，这样可以带动大家。C项（乐观主义者也有利于传播一种良好的氛围。）满足本段段意。故选C。14.根据空格前一句“Optimistic leaders can help motivate their employees.”可知，此处在陈述乐观的领导者会带动他的员工。由此推知，下文应该讲述乐观的人也会带动周围的人。G项（同样，积极的态度可以激励我们周围的每一个人。）承接上文。故选G。15.上文提示：匹兹堡大学的一项研究得出结论，那些乐观的人患心脏病的风险降低了30%。由此推知下文应该分析这一现象产生的原因。E项（这是因为他们通常更快乐，压力也更小。）陈述了这个原因。故选E。