（新高考）2021届高三大题优练3 阅读理解 说明文 学生版.docx
阅读理解（说明文）大题优练3优选例题【例题】（2020·山东卷）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly (表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when were making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “Ill have what she's having” effect. However, well adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?1. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.2. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.3. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.4. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.【答案】1.D 2. D 3. A 4. C【解析】本文为说明文，文章介绍了饮食同伴体型和消费习惯对个人饮食习惯的影响。1.细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“According to a recent study , both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，我们饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量，故选D。2.词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在句上文“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions”（与现有的研究结果相反的是，你应该避免和体重较胖的人一起吃饭，因为他们点的食物份量比较大）可知，beanpoles是heavier people的反义词，故选D。3.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments.”可知，招聘演员进行实验的目的是为了测试社交对饮食习惯的影响，故选A。4.细节理解题。根据“adjust the influence”下文“If an overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits”可知，我们如何看待他人的饮食习惯很重要，故选C。模拟优练(一)Human societies developed food preferences based on what was available and what the group decided it liked most. Those preferences were then passed along as socially learned behaviors, values, knowledge and customs that make up culture. Besides humans, many other social animals are believed to exhibit forms of culture in various ways, too.In fact, according to a new study led by Harvard scientist Liran Samuni, bonobos(倭黑猩猩), one of our closest living relatives, could be the latest addition to the list.The researchers studied the hunting and feeding habits of two neighboring groups of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Analyzing the data, they saw many similarities in the lives of the two bonobo groupsthe Ekalakala and the Kokoalongo. They also both have the access and opportunity to hunt the same kind of prey(猎物). This, however, is precisely where researchers noticed a striking difference.The groups consistently preferred to hunt and feast on two different types of prey. The Ekalakala group went after an anomalure (鳞尾松鼠). The Kokoalongo group on the other hand, favored a duiker(小羚羊).“Its basically like two human cultures exploiting a common resource in different ways,” says Samuni. “Think about two cultures living close to each other but having different preferences: One prefers chicken while the other is more of a beef-eating culture.”Using statistical modeling, the researchers found that the only variable that could reliably predict prey preference was whether the hunters were team Ekalakala or team Kokoalongo.The researchers haven't yet investigated how the bonobo groups learned this hunting preference, but through their analysis they were able to rule out ecological factors or genetic differences. Basically, it means all evidence points toward this being a learned social behavior.“If our closest living relatives have some cultural traits(特征), then it's likely our ancestors already had some capacity for culture,” Samuni says.5. What do paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly talk about?A. The findings of the study.B. The background of the study.C. The process of the study.D. The challenges of doing the study.6. How does Samuni perceive the two bonobo groups different hunting preferences?A. They are an unusual phenomenon.B. They are a learned social behavior.C. They contradict human cultures.D. They show bonobos high intelligence.7. Which of the following could influence the bonobos' prey preference?A. The timing of hunting.B. The communities they belong to.C. Their hunting techniques.D. Their surrounding environment.8. What might the findings of the bonobos' hunting preference indicate?A. When human society was born.B. How human society developed.C. What helped human culture change.D. How human culture first appeared.(二)Masks that helped save lives during the coronavirus pandemic(流行病) are proving a deadly danger for wildlife, with birds and marine creatures trapped in the incredible number of abandoned facial coverings littering on animal habitats.Single-use surgical masks have been found thrown around pavements, waterways and beaches worldwide since countries began demanding their use in public places to slow the pandemic's spread. Macaques(猕猴) have been spotted chewing the straps(带子) off old and deserted masks in Malaysia a potential choking danger for the little monkeys. And in an incident that captured headlines in Britain, a gull(海鸥) was rescued in the city of Chelmsford after its legs became tangled（缠结）in the straps of a disposable mask for up to a week. The animal welfare charity was alerted after the bird was spotted motionless but still alive, and they took it to a wildlife hospital for treatment before its release.The biggest impact may be in the water. More than l. 5 billion masks made their way into the world's oceans last year. Accounting for around 6,200 extra tons of marine plastic pollution, according to environmental group Oceans Asia. Already there are signs that masks are worsening threats to marine life. Conservationists in Brazil found one inside the stomach of a penguin after its body was washed up on a beach, while a dead pufferfish(河豚) was discovered caught inside another off the coast of Miami.Masks and gloves are “particularly problematic” for sea creatures，says George Leonard, chief scientist from U. S. -based NGO Ocean Conservancy. "When it takes those plastics hundreds of years to break down in the environment, they form smaller and smaller particles," he added, "those particles then enter the food chain and impact entire ecosystems."Fortunately, there has been a shift towards greater use of reusable cloth masks as the pandemic has worn on，but many are still choosing the lighter single- use varieties.Campaigners have urged people to throw away them properly and remove the straps to reduce the risk of animals becoming trapped. Oceans Asia has also called on governments to increase fines for littering and encourage the use of washable masks.9. What role do masks play during the coronavirus pandemic?A. They keep people free of the pandemicB. They make people look more mysterious.C. They help reduce the speed of the pandemic's spread.D. They are of great helpful to wildlife.10. The author uses the example of Macaques and a gull to show that .A. the deserted masks put them in dangerB. the animals lack enough foodC. they enjoy playing with the strapsD. it's time for people to protect the animals11. What does “particularly problematic” in Para. 4 mean by George Leonard?A. Marine creatures are in trouble.B. Masks and gloves will finally threaten the whole ecosystems.C. The plastics are easy to break down.D. The particles masks and gloves form are smaller and smaller.12. What is the passage is mainly about?A. Animal protectionB. Marine plastic pollutionC. How to reduce the risk of abandoned masksD. The deserted masks endangering wildlife(三)As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.That strategy, called solar climate intervention (干预) or solar geoengineering, involves reflecting more of the suns energy back into space abruptly reducing global temperatures in a way that imitates the effects of ash clouds flowing out from the volcanic eruptions. The idea has been considered as a dangerous and fancied solution, one that would encourage people to keep burning fossil fuels while exposing the planet to unexpected and potentially threatening side effects, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters.But, as global warming continues, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters, some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world cant wait for better solutions.One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols (气溶胶) into the upper layer of the atmosphere where those particles reflect sunlight away from the earth. That process works, according to Douglas MacMartin, a researcher at Cornell University.“We know with 100% certainty that we can cool the planet,” he said in an interview. Whats still unclear, he added, is what happens next. Temperature, MacMartin said, is an indicator for a lot of climate effects. “What does it do to the strength of hurricanes?” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production? What does it do to the risk of forest fires?”Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.13Why do researchers and government agencies work on cooling the earth?ATo prevent natural disasters.BTo win more time to reduce gas emissions.CTo imitate volcanic eruptions.DTo encourage more people to bur fossil fuels.14What are researchers worried about in terms of global warming?AMore volcanoes will throw out.BMore solar energy will go into space.CMore disasters will endanger the future of the world.DPeople will keep burning fossil fuels to keep warm.15What can be inferred from Douglas words in an interview?AHe thinks more research remains to be done.BHe is optimistic about the effect of cooling the earth.CHe is concerned about the reduction in agriculture production.DHe disapproves of the practice of solar climate intervention.16What does the underlined words “sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean?AThe rainfall pattern of a region.BThe modest drop in temperature.CThe number of extreme weather events.DThe injection amount of aerosol.(四)China successfully sent the 52nd and 53rd satellites of its domestically developed BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)the last two medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites for the BDS-3 constellation (星座)into space on Monday, marking the completion of the global navigation systems core constellation deployment (部署) and this years BDS satellite launch campaign.Launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, Sichuan Province, on board a Long March-3B carrier rocket with an Expedition-1 upper stage, the two satellites were injected into planned orbits after more than three hours flight.Since the first BDS-3 satellite was launched on November 5, 2017, China has conducted 18 BDS satellite launch missions, successfully sending 30 into their planned orbit, setting a national record for highest mission frequency and success rate.In-orbit tests will be carried out before the two MEO satellites are commissioned (正式委托). By then the core constellation for the Chinese global navigation satellite system will be successfully completed.Wang Ping, chief designer of the BDS-3 system, said that the hybrid constellation design, in which three groups of satellitesthe Inclined Geo Synchronous Orbit (IGSO), MEO and geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO)work in concert in different orbits, was an exclusive BDS innovation and a world first. “Existing global navigation satellite systems, such as the US GPS and Russias GLONASS, only have a MEO satellite constellation,” said Wang.The MEO satellites, in orbit 20,000 kilometers above Earth, are a special type of satellite providing global service, while the IGSO and GEO satellites, in an orbit 360,000 kilometers above Earth, mainly enhance regional service quality, according to Wang. That explained why completion of the MEO constellation was significant, marking the completion of the core network for BDS-3, meaning a stable BDS-3 global coverage without weak points has been carried out.Feedback shows that the BDS service quality was already comparable to GPS since the end of 2018, and after completing BDS-3, “We will be as good as any GNSS.” Wang said.17How many BDS satellites were sent into their planned orbit successfully?A3.B18.C30.D36.18Whats the advantage of BDS compared with GPS and GLONASS?AThe diverse functions.BThe excellent service quality.CThe lower cost of de
