《2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测》重难点04 阅读理解之议论文（解析版）.doc

重难点04 阅读理解之议论文【命题趋势】议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。【满分技巧】注意事项：1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：(1)标志类、指示类的信息。表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；表示递进关系：in addition to, even, whats more, furthermore等；表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。4. 常见问题：(1)读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【热点话题】 议论文热衷于社会现象类，社会热点类。【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）A（合肥六中2020届高三冲刺最后一卷）话题：虽然医疗技术越来越发达，在动物身上已经成功实施了脑部移植，但是作者认为不应该进行脑部移植。难度：建议用时：5分Nowadays medical technology seems to be advanced enough for doctors to perform brain transplants (移植). Though this procedure has only been successfully performed on animals so far, doctors are still hoping to perform this procedure on humans. However, in my opinion, brain transplants should not be performed at all, especially not on humans because of the large number of problems and side effects that could come along with. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will convince doctors not to perform this procedure on humans.Despite many benefits technology brings, I do not think this medical technology of brain transplants will help. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescence our mind developed into who we are, so if with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person with a different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they would be. No one should steal our identity from us, even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Also for the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and it should not be given to anyone else.Another problem with brain transplants is how doctors can choose what are “healthy” or “normal” brains. An elderly person who has died would have an aged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger persons brain. Then would doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person who needs it? This could also bring up other factors such as intelligence, gender, or physical problems that a person might have had before death. Also another problem might be how long a brain can be kept “alive” after death and how it can be kept “alive” without damage.Overall, my feelings about this surgery are that it should not be done on humans until doctors have overcome all the problems and obstacles (障碍) that stand in their way of making human brain transplants successful.12. Why does the author think brain transplants should not be performed at all?A. The cost of the surgery is extremely high.B. Doctors are not able to perform brain transplants.C. A good many problems and side effects may arise.D. This procedure has only been successful on animals.13. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. People shouldnt give their healthy brains to others.B. Having a brain transplant means losing ones identity.C. Transplanting brains is changing old brains into new ones.D. Having brain transplants indicates stealing identity from others.14. What do we know about “healthy” brains?A. Aged brains arent healthy brains.B. Young brains are always healthy.C. Healthy brains cannot be kept “alive”.D. Its very difficult to tell healthy brains.15. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A. To encourage brain donation.B. To stress the importance of brain operation.C To argue against brain transplants on humans.D. To introduce the technology of brain transplants.【答案】12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C【解析】这是一篇议论文。虽然医疗技术越来越发达，在动物身上已经成功实施了脑部移植，但是作者认为不应该进行脑部移植，尤其是人类脑部移植。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, in my opinion, brain transplants should not be performed at all, especially not on humans because of the large number of problems and side effects that could come along with.”可知，作者认为完全不应该做脑部移植手术，尤其是在人类身上，因为可能会随之而来大量的问题和副作用。故选C项。【13题详解】段落大意题。根据第二段内容，尤其是“We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescence our mind developed into who we are, so if with a different brain we would no longer be unique.(我们生来都只有一个大脑，从童年到青年，我们的思想逐渐形成现在的自己，所以如果我们有个不同的大脑，我们将不再独特)”及“Also for the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and it should not be given to anyone else.(同样，对于有健康大脑而去世的人，那是他们的身份，不应该给其他任何人)”可知，第二段主要讲做脑部移植意味着失去自己的身份，故选B项。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段第一句Another problem with brain transplants is how doctors can choose what are “healthy” or “normal” brains.(脑部移植的另一个问题是，医生如何选择什么是“健康的”或者“正常的”大脑)可知，很难辨别“健康的”大脑。故选D项。【15题详解】推理判断题。通读全文可知，第一段中作者提出自己的观点“in my opinion, brain transplants should not be performed at all, especially not on humans(我认为，完全不应该做脑部移植手术，尤其是在人类身上)”，接下来具体分析为什么不赞成脑部移植，最后一段作者再次强调“it should not be done on humans(它不应该在人类身上实施)”，所以本文的目的是反对人类脑部移植。故选C项。B（郑州外国语学校2020届高三第八次调研考试）话题：这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了未经允许在网上分享音乐是偷窃行为。难度：建议用时：5分Throughout history, music spread among people of different cultures. In todays technological advanced society, however, people spread music online, sometimes without an artists permission. This can lead to many problems, and music companies are now cracking down on this practice. Sharing music online without permission is theft.Sharing music online prevents recording companies from making money from their efforts. They say that sharing music online has resulted in a huge drop in profits and sales over the past 10 years. People who find music for free online are not paying for CDs or every MP3 downloaded. To truly understand the influence of music piracy (盗版行为) on creators, one must understand how many people are involved in the recording process. For the sale of each album, profits must be shared between musicians, sound engineers, music producers, managers, advertisers, and the company selling the product. Many people believe sharing music only affects the recording artist, but the reality is that sharing hurts business for all companies involved.There are many people who dont see the harm in sharing music online and even think they have the right to do it. One online blogger states that he originally paid for an entire CD and that he should be able to do with the material whatever he wants. While he may have legally paid for the music, he does not have the right to provide permission, which means people like the blogger are thieves.Although we dont spread todays music the same way we did before, theres no doubt that people around the world love to share music. However, internet piracy would prevent musicians from continuing producing albums for fear of theft. Therefore, if people want to continue listening to their favorite artists, they need to buy their music so that artists will make enough profit to continue their music careers.8. The underlined phrase “cracking down on” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. bringing up carefullyB. speaking highly ofC. dealing seriously withD. destroying completely9. What can we infer from the text?A. Artists are taking action to protect their right.B. Sharing music files online affects a lot of people.C. Online music sharing increases sales of music CD.D. A person who bought a CD has the right to share it online.10. How is the text organized?A. TopicArgumentExplanation.B. OpinionDiscussionDescription.C. Main ideaComparisonSupporting statements.D. IntroductionSupporting statementsConclusion.11. What is the main idea of the text?A. Music piracy is kind of theft.B. Sharing music is Acceptable.C. Downloading music should be punished.D. Music piracy is good for music lovers.【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了未经允许在网上分享音乐是偷窃行为，并从其造成的不利影响和侵权方面作了分析，同时提倡了人们需要购买自己的音乐，这样艺术家才能获得足够的利润来继续他们的音乐事业。【8题详解】词义猜测题。根据划线短语所在句“This can lead to many problems, and music companies are now cracking down on this practice.”可知，前后分句由and连接，为顺承关系，且前一句提及“This can lead to many problems(这会导致很多问题)”，根据常识和顺承关系可以推知后一句在表达音乐公司在采取措施解决问题。因此可以推知划线词组“cracking down on”应与选项C“dealing seriously with(认真处理)”表达含义一致。故选C项。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段第4句至末尾内容“To truly understand the influence of music piracy on creators, one must understand how many people are involved in the recording process. For the sale of each album, profits must be shared between musicians, sound engineers, music producers, managers, advertisers, and the company selling the product. Many people believe sharing music only affects the recording artist, but the reality is that sharing hurts business for all companies involved.( 要真正了解音乐盗版对创作者的影响，必须了解有多少人参与了录制过程。对于每张专辑的销售，利润必须在音乐家、音响工程师、音乐制作人、经理、广告商和销售产品的公司之间分享。许多人认为共享音乐只会影响唱片艺术家，但事实是，共享会损害所有相关公司的业务。)”可知，在线分享音乐会影响一些相关的很多人。故选B项。【10题详解】推理判断题。分析可知，第一段提出中心话题- Sharing music online without permission is theft.；第二段讲述网络分享音乐对所有创作者的不利影响；第三段从侵权方面讲述了其不当之处；第四段总结全文（Therefore, if people want to continue listening to their favorite artists, they need to buy their music so that artists will make enough profit to continue their music careers.）因此，本文的段落结构为总分总结构。故选D项。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章结构为总分结构，第一段提出了本文的中心话题：Sharing music online without permission is theft.( 未经允许在网上分享音乐是偷窃行为。)。选项A “Music piracy is kind of theft.( 音乐盗版是一种盗窃行为。)”贴合主旨要义。故选A项。C（哈师大附中2020年高三第四次模拟考试）话题：文章用一些成功人士的事例证明了音乐有助于学术成就这个观点。难度：建议用时：5分Many studies link music study to academic achievements. But what is it about serious music training that seems to associate with great success in other fields?I put the question to top-flight professionals in industries from tech to finance to media, all of whom had serious (if often little-known) past lives as musicians, Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve, was a professional saxophone player. The billionaire Bruce Kovner is a pianist who took classes at Juilliard. Almost all made a connection between their music training and their professional achievements. Mr. Greenspan says, ''I can tell you as a statistician, the probability that that is mere chance is extremely small. That's all that you can judge about the facts. The important question is: why does that connection exist? ''Paul Allen, the billionaire co-founder of Microsoft, offers an answer. He says music ''builds up your confidence in the ability to create''. The music had the emotional similarity to his day job, with each giving a different type of motivation. The NBC chief White House correspondent Chuck Todd, who attended college on music scholarships, says there is a connection between years of practice and competition and what he calls the ''drive for perfection''. He adds, ''The group playing trains you, quite literally, to play well with others, to know when to solo (独奏) and when to follow. ''For many of the high achievers I spoke with, music functions as a ''hidden language'', as the former World Bank president James Wolfensohn calls it, one that improves the ability to connect diverse or even contradictory ideas. According to him, music may not make you a genius, or a better person. But it helps train you to think differently, to process different points of view-and most importantly, to take pleasure in listening.12. How does Alan Greenspan find the connection between music training and professional achievements?A. It's relatively weak.B. It's not common fact.C. It's not a coincidence.D. It's widely acknowledged.13. What quality does music equip Chuck Todd with?A. Teamwork.B. Confidence.C. Creativity.D. Tolerance.14. How does the author mainly develop the text？A. By comparing different facts.B. By debating and concluding.C. By self-questioning and answering.D. By offering concrete examples.15. What can be inferred from the text?A. Music contributes to success.B. Music is the universal language.C. Music can change your career.D. Music is linked to academic success.【答案】12. C 13. A 14. D 15. A【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章用一些成功人士的事例证明了音乐有助于学术成就这个观点。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的Almost all made a connection between their music training and their professional achievements. Mr. Greenspan says, ''I can tell you as a statistician, the probability that that is mere chance is extremely small. (几乎所有人都把他们的音乐训练和他们的专业成就联系起来。Greenspan先生说：“作为一个统计学家我可以告诉你，这仅仅是偶然的可能性很小。)可知，Alan Greenspan 认为音乐训练和专业成就之间的关系并非偶然。C. It's not a coincidence.(它不是一个巧合)符合以上说法，故选C项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的He adds, ''The group playing trains you, quite literally, to play well with others, to know when to solo (独奏) and when to follow. ''(他补充道：“事实上，团体表演可以训练你与他人一起演奏、知道什么时候独奏、以及什么时候跟着演奏。”)可推测，Chuck Todd 具有团队精神。A. Teamwork.(团队精神)符合以上说法，故选A项。【14题详解】推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章提出了一个论点音乐训练和专业成就有关，然后列举了Alan Greenspan ，Bruce Kovner ，Paul Allen ，Chuck Todd ，James Wolfensohn 等人的事例来证明该观点。由此推测，本文是通过举例的方式来进行陈述的。D. By offering concrete examples.(通过举具体的例子)符合以上说法，故选D项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段的But what is it about serious music training that seems to associate with great success in other fields?(但是严肃的音乐训练和其它领域取得巨大成功之间有什么联系呢？)和第二段的Almost all made a connection between their music training and their professional achievements.( 几乎所有人都把他们的音乐训练和他们的专业成就联系起来)以及其他成功人士对音乐和学术成就之间关系的认同，可推测音乐有助于成功。A. Music contributes to success.(音乐有助于成功)符合以上说法，故选A项。D（2020届广西柳州高级中学高三4月线上月考英语试题）话题：不要因别人的质问而怀疑自己选择的专业难度：建议用时：5分Why have so many awards ceremonies appeared recently? Shakespeare never won a prize, nor did Leonardo da Vinci or Adam Smith or Charles Dickens.It would be possible to say, however, that in the past, scientists and artists could win "patronage" from rich people-a king or a lord would give the artist or scientist money to have them paint their palaces or help them develop new ways of making money. With the change in social systems across the world, this no longer happens. A lot of scientific research is now cither funded by the state or by private companies. Perhaps awards ceremonies are just the most recent face of this process.However, there is more to it than that. When a film wins an Oscar, many more people will go and see it or buy the DVD. When a writer wins the Nobel prize, many more people buy his books. When a group win the MTV awards, the ceremony is seen by hundreds of thousands of people across the world.