《2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测》专题01 阅读理解之说明文（一）（解析版）.doc

专题01 阅读理解之说明文（一）1.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） People often talk about cultural differences between western and eastern countries, but how about the western world itself? Surprisingly, a closer look at it can reveal a good many curious details.The most obvious characteristic of the majority of Americans is that they smile a lot. It does not matter whether they have a strong reason to smile; they do it, sometimes simply because they have to. A smile is not just a powerful marketing tool but also a way to show that someone is friendly, and that life in general is fine. Europeans, on the contrary, prefer to keep a more neutral (不露声色的) facial expression. They smile mostly when they are in a good mood, or feel amused; if not, a Europeans face will remain neutral, or even dull. In Russia, for example, there is a proverb saying that laughing for no reason is a sign of a fool. It does not mean that Europeans are serious, or that they do not have a sense of humor.The same refers to communication in general. Americans are extremely communicative; small talk and chats are common. Europeans talk mostly when there is something to say, and rarely enter communication just for the purpose of talking to other people. American people prefer to express what they think carefully, considering how it might affect surrounding people. Europeans are more straightforward, even with unfamiliar people. A European friend will almost always voice their opinion on different occasions, and will not hesitate to remind you that you need to lose some weight or take a shower.It can be said that Americans are people of contrasts. They are open-minded, flexible, and ready to accept everything new enthusiastically; but at the same time, American society manages to bring up unbelievable conservatives. Americans are extremely politically correct, which, in most cases, is indeed a secure and beneficial practice, but it can also mess up daily or even private communication, sometimes preventing having close relationships. Europeans, on the contrary, are more straightforward, preferring to tell the truth in direct ways. Each way of communication is different neither is correct or incorrect.4What does the author say about smiling?AIt is culture-related within western countries.BIt is a powerful marketing tool across cultures.CIt is thought of as a sign of a fool in America.DIt is regarded as being socially necessary in Europe.5What is typical of Europeans communication?ABeating around the bush.BHaving small talk and chats.CHiding their feelings carefully.DExpressing themselves openly.6What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?ABeing straightforward.BBeing politically correct.CAccepting everything new.DRaising unbelievable conservatives.7How is the text mainly developed?ABy analyzing cause and effect.BBy making comparisons.CBy classifying body language.DBy discussing research findings.【答案】4A5D6B7B【解析】本文是说明文。西方国家之间对于同一事物的理解也存在着文化差异，文章主要通过对比美国人和欧洲人在微笑上的不同来分析西方人的文化差异。4细节理解题。根据第一段中的“People often talk about cultural differences between western and eastern countries, but how about the western world itself? Surprisingly, a closer look at it can reveal a good many curious details.”可知，人们经常谈论西方和东方国家的文化差异，但是西方世界本身呢？令人惊讶的是，仔细观察它可以揭示出许多有趣的细节。下文通过对比美国人和欧洲人在对待微笑的理解上的不同来分析西方人的文化差异。由此可知，作者认为微笑与西方国家的自身文化有关。故选A。5细节理解题。根据第三段中的“A European friend will almost always voice their opinion on different occasions, and will not hesitate to remind you that you need to lose some weight or take a shower.”可知，一个欧洲朋友几乎总是会在不同场合发表自己的意见，并且会毫不犹豫地提醒您，您需要减肥或洗个澡。由此可知，欧洲人交流的典型特征是公开表达自己的想法。故选D。6词义猜测题。由but表示转折可知，it指代的是本句话中前面出现的内容，即it指的是“Americans are extremely politically correct”一事，意为“美国人是明哲保身的”，which引导的非限制性定语从句是对这一行为的肯定，这与but之后的内容在逻辑上是转折关系。故选B。7推理判断题。文章通过对比美国人和欧洲人在微笑上的不同来分析文化对于西方人的影响，因此这是通过做比较的方法来组织文章的思路的。故选B。2.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） Scientists have created the worlds first living, self-healing (自愈) robots using stem cells from frogs. Named after the African clawed frog from which they take their stem cells, xenobots are less than a millimeter wide (0. 04 inches) small enough to travel inside human bodies. They can walk and swim, survive for weeks without food, and work together in groups. These are “entirely new life-forms,” said project co-leader Michael Levin, director of the Allen Discovery Center.The researchers removed living stem cells, which have the ability to develop into different cell types, from frog embryos (胚胎), and left them to incubate (孵化). Then, the cells were cut and reshaped into specific “body forms” designed by a supercomputer.” Theyre neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal,” said robotics expert Joshua Bongard. The cells then began to work on their own and even have the regenerative power; when the scientists cut the living robot almost in half, its cells automatically zippered its body back up.Xenobots dont look like traditional robots-they have no shiny clothing or robotic arms. Instead ,they look more like a tiny drop of moving pink flesh. The researchers say this is deliberate-this biological machine can achieve things typical robots of steel and plastic cannot do.” Traditional robots degrade (降解) over time and can produce harmful ecological and health side effects,” researchers said in the study. As biological machines, xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health, the study said.Research is being done into using the robots to clean up radioactive waste or even microplastics from the oceans. Scientists are also trying to include a greater variety of cells; a new nervous system for example. However, some people argue that the addition of nerve cells would cause moral problems. The general public have also expressed concern that humans would be taken control of by robots. However, Michael Levin thinks theres no need to worry. “Xenobots have no ability to reproduce or evolve. The supercomputer which is used to produce them does use artificial intelligence. But for now, all is fine,” said Levin.8What is the text mainly about?AThe advantage of AI technology.BThe introduction of a latest robot.CThe medical value of African frogs.DThe application of robots in medicine.9Which of the following best explains “regenerative” underlined in Paragraph 2?AHealing by itself.BReplacing old cells.CLiving much longer.DDefending against attacks.10What do we know about xenobots?AThey can break up steel and plastic while degrading.BThey can do everything that traditional robots can do.CThey do less harm to the environment and human health.DThey often change their color deliberately while moving.11What is Michael Levins attitude toward the development of xenobots?AAmbiguous.BPositive.CSkeptical.DCautious.【答案】8B9A10C11B【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了科学家们利用青蛙的干细胞创造了世界上第一个活着的，能够自愈的机器人，它不需要食物就可以生存数周。作为生物机器，对人类的健康有好处，更安全。目前使用它清除海洋中的放射性废物甚至微塑料的研究正在进行中。8主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，文章讲述的是：科学家们利用青蛙的干细胞创造了世界上第一个活着的，能够自愈的机器人，下文对其进行了详细的介绍。故选B。9词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“when the scientists cut the living robot almost in half, its cells automatically zippered its body back up.”可知，当科学家将活着的机器人几乎切成两半时，它的细胞会自动向后伸展。结合第一段中提到的“self-healing(自愈)”，由此可知，划线词意为“自愈”。故选A。10细节理解题。根据第三段中的“As biological machines, xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health, the study said.”可知，这项研究说，xenobots机器人作为生物机器，对人类健康更环保，更安全。即xenobots对环境和人类健康的危害较小。故选C。11推理判断题。最后一段中的“Xenobots have no ability to reproduce or evolve. The supercomputer which is used to produce them does use artificial intelligence. But for now, all is fine.”可知，xenobots机器人没有能力繁殖或进化。用于生产它们的超级计算机确实使用人工智能。但是目前，一切都很好。即Michael Levin对xenobots机器人的发展持肯定态度。故选B。3.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） A new study recently found that elephants in central African forests can encourage the growth of slow-growing trees and increase the ability of the forest to store carbon.“As a tree, theres a trade-off you cant have it all,” explained Fabio Berzaghi, who led the study. “You either invest in growing fast, or in building a lot of structure with carbon to be more resistant.” Elephants prefer to eat fast-growing trees in more open spaces. As they feed and walk, they cause damage to these species, knocking over trees or breaking off branches, which results in an ecosystem that favors large, slow-growing hardwood trees. “As the elephants thin the forest, they increase the number of slow-growing trees and the forest is capable of storing more carbon, ” said Stephen Blake, one of the papers authors.Scientists collected field measurements in the Congo Basin and used a computer model to predict how elephants would affect forest structure, and carbon storage potential in the long term. The data confirmed that when elephants are present, the forest contains larger trees and higher abundances of species with high wood density. Conversely (相反地)，should forest elephants go extinct, leaving those slow-growing trees struggling to compete with fast-growing species, it would result in a 7 percent loss of above-ground biomass (生物总量). As a result, central African forests could lose up to three billion tons of carbon, potentially accelerating climate change.The sad reality is that humans are doing their best to rid the planet of elephants. “This study comes at a time when forest elephants are threatened as never before,” said Iain Douglas Hamilton, founder of Save the Elephants. “It is shocking that just as we are beginning to understand how elephants might have a key role in Africa in storing carbon, they are under real threat of extinction.” One limitation of the study, Mr. Berzaghi said, is that we do not know how much carbon has already been lost because of the elephants decline. But it does seem certain, he added, that putting a stop to illegal hunting and restoring forest elephant populations would bring climate benefits.12What can we infer about slow-growing trees in Paragraph 2?AThey are elephants favorite food.BThey are easily hurt by elephants.CThey can help forests store carbon.DThey may reduce elephant populations.13What would happen without elephants living in central African forests?AClimate change would possibly be sped up.BThe forest structure would remain unchanged.CThe forests would lose more fast-growing trees.DLarger trees would defeat fast-growing species.14What did Mr. Berzaghi suggest people do?ALead a low-carbon life.BEvaluate the carbon loss.CStop destroying forests.DProtect forest elephants.15What is the best title for the text?AHumans and Nature Live in HarmonyBElephants Disappear in Parts of AfricaCClimate Change Affects Forest StructureDElephants Defend Against Climate Change【答案】12C13A14D15D【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了最近的一项新研究发现，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促进生长缓慢的树木生长，并增加森林的碳储存能力以延缓气候变化的速度。12推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As the elephants thin the forest, they increase the number of slow-growing trees and the forest is capable of storing more carbon”可知，随着大象使森林不再那么茂盛，它们增加了生长缓慢的树木的数量，并且使森林能够储存更多的碳。因此可以推断出树木可以帮助森林储存碳。故选C。13细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Conversely, should forest elephants go extinct, leaving those slow-growing trees struggling to compete with fast-growing species, it would result in a 7 percent loss of above-ground biomass (生物总量). As a result, central African forests could lose up to three billion tons of carbon, potentially accelerating climate change.”可知，相反地，如果森林象灭绝，那些生长缓慢的树木就难以与快速生长的物种竞争，这将导致地表上损失7的生物总量。非洲中部森林可能会释放出多达30亿吨的碳，这有可能加剧气候变化。即如果没有大象生活在非洲中部森林中，气候变化可能会加快。故选A。14细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But it does seem certain, he added, that putting a stop to illegal hunting and restoring forest elephant populations would bring climate benefits.”可知，但他补充说，停止非法捕猎和恢复森林象的数量似乎确实会给气候带来好处。即Mr. Berzaghi建议人们保护森林象。故选D。15主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，最近的一项新研究发现，最近的一项新研究发现，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促进生长缓慢的树木生长，并增加森林的碳储存能力以延缓气候变化的速度，因此文章的最佳标题是“大象阻止气候变化”。故选D。4.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测）The Most Tech Friendly School in the WorldForget a pen and paper! This new-fashioned school relies on iPads, touch screens, projectors and even electronic locker keys. The Philadelphia School of the Futures main goal is to equip students with the most knowledge in technology fields. While it struggled back when it opened in 2006, it is now one of the most in-demand schools.Hamburger UniversityNo, this school isnt about perfecting the hamburger. Actually, it sort of is! The McDonalds training facility is where restaurant managers go to learn the craft (手艺). From making a hamburger to dealing with complaining customers, it takes a lot to handle the running of Micky Ds. Also, imagine having Hamburger University on your resume (简历), now that would make you stand out from the crowd!Real Life Clown (小丑) CollegeWhile movies and televisions shows love to make fun of kids and adults alike running off to join clown college or the circus but turns out, it wasnt made up. The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around. Its a tough job alright? Imaging wearing a bright red nose while kids scream at you for a balloon animal.Charles Howard Santa Claus SchoolSet up in the 1930s this famous institution aims to produce the very best Santas. Potential Mr Claus will learn how to interact with children and of course, how to laugh like the real deal. While you wouldnt take the course unless you planned on being a professional Santa, it sure would be fun to play dress up for a day!1What do we know about The Philadelphia School of the Future?AIt has been run smoothly since 2006.BIt employs digital device in fruitful ways.CIts popularity has declined in recent years.DIt aims to spread knowledge in many fields.2Which school may help you become a comedian?AThe Philadelphia School of the Future.BHamburger University.CReal Life Clown College.DCharles Howard Santa Claus School.3Which of the following best describes the four school?AEntertaining.BAncient.CWild.DUnusual.【答案】1B2C3D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章简略地介绍了四所值得一去的学校。1细节理解题。由题干关键词The Philadelphia School of the Future可将答案定位于第一段。由第一段中的This new-fashioned school relies on iPads, touch screens, projectors and even electronic locker keys.(这所新式学校依靠iPad、触摸屏、投影仪甚至电子锁钥匙)和While it struggled back when it opened in 2006, it is now one of the most in-demand schools.(虽然在2006年开学时，它曾一度举步维艰，但现在它是最受欢迎的学校之一)可知，这所新式学校以卓有成效的方式使用数字设备。故选B项。2细节理解题。由第三段中的The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around.(Ringling兄弟在美国各地开设了许多课程和学校，教有志的学生如何在周围表演小丑)可知，小丑是喜剧演员之一。由此可知，Real Life Clown College可帮你成为喜剧演员。故选C项。3推理判断题。由第一段中的The Philadelphia School of the Futures main goal is to equip students with the most knowledge in technology fields.(费城未来学校的主要目标是让学生掌握技术领域的大部分知识)可知The Most Tech Friendly School in the World的主要目标是让学生掌握技术领域的大部分知识；由第二段中的No, this school