《2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测》专题02 阅读理解之说明文（二）（解析版） (3).doc

专题02阅读理解之说明文1.（2020届江西省重点中学盟校高三第一次联考）Scientists say they've developed a system using machine learning to predict when and where lighting will strike. The research was led by engineers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland.European researchers have estimated that between 6,000 and 24,000 people are killed by lightning worldwide each year. The strikes can also cause power outages, destroy property, damage electrical equipment and start forest fires. For these reasons, climate scientists have long sought to develop methods to predict and control lightning. In the United States and other places, ground-based sensing devices are used to identify strikes as they happen. But, no system has been created to effectively predict lightning.The system tested in the experiments used a combination of data from weather stations and machine learning methods. The researchers developed a prediction model that was trained to recognize weather conditions that were likely to cause lightning.The model was created with data collected over a 12-year period from 12 Swiss weather stations in cities and mountain areas. The data related to four main surface conditions: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed.The atmospheric data was placed into a machine learning algorithm（算法）, which compared it to records of lightning strikes. Researchers say the algorithm was then able to learn the conditions under which lightning happens.Amirhossein Mostajabi is a PhD student at the institute who led the development of the method. He said, “current systems for gathering such data are slow and complex and require costly collection equipment like radar or satellites.”“Our method uses data that can be obtained from any weather station,” Mostajabi said. “This will improve data collection in very remote areas not covered by radar and satellite or in places where communication systems have been cut,” be added.The researchers plan to keep developing the technology in partnership with a European effort that aims to create a lightning protection system. The effort is called the European Laser Lightning Rod project.8Why have climate scientists tried to predict and control lighting?ATo collect relative data.BTo reduce the destruction lightning has been causing.CTo create a scientific system.DTo do research in relation to machine learning.9The four mentioned surface conditions include all the following EXCEPT _.Aair pollutionBwind speedCrelative humidityDair temperature10What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 5 refer to?Alighting.Bthe system being tested.Cthe atmospheric data.Dthe machine learning algorithm.11What can we learn about Mostajabi from the passage?AHe developed the method and the system himself.BHe thinks the current systems are too slow and simple.CHe is a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.DHe believes their system does much better in data collection.【答案】8B9A10C11D【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍科学家们开发出的一种系统，利用机器学习能力有效地预测闪电，以减少闪电袭击带来的危害和损失。8推理判断题。根据第二段中“.that between 6,000 and 24,000 people are killed by lightning worldwide each year. The strikes can also cause power outages, destroy property, damage electrical equipment and start forest fires. For these reasons，climate scientists have long sought to develop methods to predict and control lightning.（世界各地每年有6,000至24,000人死于闪电。闪电袭击还可能导致停电、破坏财产、损坏电气设备和引发森林火灾。）”可知，科协家们想预测、控制闪电是因为想找到办法，以减少闪电所带来的危害和损失。故选B项。9细节理解题。根据第四段中“The data related to four main surface conditions: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed.”可知，与四个主要表面条件有关的数据有气压、空气温度、相对湿度和风速，没有提到空气污染。故选A项。10词句猜测题。根据第五段“The atmospheric data was placed into a machine learning algorithm（算法）, which compared it to records of lightning strikes.（将大气数据输入到机器学习计算法中，随后计算法会将这些数据与闪电袭击记录进行比较。）”可以推测，it指代上一句中的the atmospheric data。故选C项。11推理判断题。第六段中提到“current systems for gathering such data are slow and complex and require costly collection equipment like radar or satellites”，Mostajabi认为目前收集此类数据的系统缓慢而复杂，需要昂贵的雷达或卫星等收集设备；第七段中提到“Our method uses data that can be obtained from any weather stationThis will improve data collection in very remote areas not covered by radar and satellite or in places where communication systems have been cut”, Mostajabi认为他们这种方法使用的数据可以从任何气象站获得， 这将改善雷达和卫星未覆盖的非常偏远地区或通信系统被切断的地方的数据收集。因此可以推断，Mostajabi相信他们的系统在数据收集方面比原来的做得更好。故选D项。2.（2020届辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三模拟）SHORTLIST OF LONDON'S BESTIf you have limited visiting time we recommend you follow this list.1) Houses of Parliament. The guided tours of the Houses of Parliament are excellent, in any language you want, and get you to places that even normal Brits can't. However, when Parliament is sitting, they are not running, but you can still get in.2) Hampton Court. We rate this as one of the best attractions in Europe. A whole succession of kings and queens have added to Henry VIIIs original palace. There lie a fantastic park (by Capability Brown) and gardens (including the famous maze), and Tudor kitchens and one of the last remaining Real Tennis courts. Lots of free (once you've paid the admission) guided tours, some in costume, by people who know and love the place. It's also surrounded by a series of parks and makes a great destination for a bike trip - train out (30 minutes from Waterloo), bike back (12 miles) along the river. We prefer it to the Tower of London - you'll probably want to visit both, it knocks the spots off Buckingham Palace.3) The River. Walk along the South Bank from Tower Bridge to Lambeth. The best of London is spread out for you: The Tower of London & Tower Bridge, The Houses of Parliament, Lambeth Palace (residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury), Shakespeare's Globe theatre, Both Tate Galleries, St Paul's Cathedral, The South Bank Centre, The Temple, The London Eye, Westminster Abbey, Somerset House. (A 2 hour walk if you don't stop for long). Or you can take a boat out to Greenwich, the Thames Barrier or the Dome.4) Westminster Abbey. Where they crown Kings. An unreasonable admission charge (should really be free or voluntary donation), but a masterpiece anyway. If you get bored of waiting in the queue, or packed down by the crowds, hurry yourself off to the City where there's more square space of historic church, and empty.5) The Theatre. It'd be a crime to visit London and not take in a show. Londoners have been passionate about theatre for centuries. Not only is the quality high, but the price is low one third the price of Broadway.1Which tour will a foreign student studying the history of British Royal Family most probably prefer？Athe tour to Westminster AbbeyBthe tour to Tower BridgeCthe tour to Somerset HouseDthe tour to Hampton Court2What time does the underlined statement “when Parliament is sitting” in paragraph 2 refer to?Awhen the Parliament is not officially in session.Bwhen the members of Parliament are debating over a hot issue.Cwhen the Parliament is staying idle for repairs.Dwhen the members of Parliament are taking a break after some exercise3Why are Londoners fond of theatre?AThey enjoy the criminal drama plots.BThey enjoy the inexpensive admission.CThey enjoy the Classical Music and Opera.DThey enjoy the scene of Shakespeares Globe theatre.【答案】1D2A3B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了五个伦敦最佳参观地名单。1细节理解题。根据第二段中A whole succession of kings and queens have added to Henry VIIIs original palace.可知一个又一个的国王和王后为亨利八世原来的宫殿增添了新的色彩。由此可知，学习英国王室历史的外国学生最喜欢汉普顿宫之旅。故选D。2句意猜测题。根据划线句子后文they are not running, but you can still get in.可知，他们并没有在运行，但是你仍然可以进入议会。由此判断出，当议会没有正式开会时，他们并没有在运行，但是你仍然可以进入议会。可知，划线句子意思为“当议会没有正式开会的时候”，故选A。3细节理解题。根据最后一段中Not only is the quality high, but the price is low - one third the price of Broadway.可知不仅质量好，而且价格便宜只有百老汇的三分之一。由此可知，伦敦人喜欢戏剧因为他们喜欢便宜的门票。故选B。3.（2020届辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三模拟） By now youve probably heard about the “youre not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you're anything special, because you're not.” Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony - and a whole lot of other parents across the internet - took issue with his ego-puncturing words. But lost in the anger and protest was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they're particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it's not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average.Such inflated (膨胀的) self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it's often exactly when we're least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more strictly. Poor students, the authors note, "lack insight" into their own inadequacy. Why should this be? Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with co-author Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they're not good at what they do, and their ineptness (笨拙) prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.In Dunning and Kruger's study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor "extremely overestimated" their talents. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they guessed they were in the 62nd. What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was "metacognitive skill" (元认知技巧): the capacity to monitor how well they're performing. In the absence of that capacity, the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There's a paradox (悖论) here, the authors note: “The skills that develop competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judging how well were doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself.There are a couple of ways out of this double bind (两难). First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don't possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you're doing, but just what it is that you're doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up.If we adopt these strategies - and most importantly, teach them to our children - they won't need parents, or a commencement(毕业典礼) speaker, to tell them that they're special. They'll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way.8What does the underlined phrase “took issue with” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?Atotally approved ofBdisagreed withCfully understoodDheld discussion about9What is the problem that shouldn't be overlooked in the authors opinion?Awe dont know whether our young people are talented or notByoung people can't reasonably define themselvesCno requirement is set up for young people to get betterDwe always tend to consider ourselves to be privileged10Which is NOT mentioned about poor students according to the passage?AThey lack the capacity to monitor how well they are performing.BThey usually give themselves high scores in self-evaluations.CThey tend to be unable to know exactly how bad they are.DThey are intelligently inadequate in tests and exams.11What does the strategies of becoming special suggest?Athe best way to recognize excellence is to study past success and failureBthrough comparison with others, one will know where and when he failsCwe need internal honesty with ourselves and external honesty from othersDneither parents nor a commencement speaker can tell whether one is special【答案】8B9B10D11C【解析】这是一篇说明文。到目前为止，关于“你并不特别”的演讲的越来越多，虽然许多父母抗议这种话语，但是我们的年轻人实际上并不知道他们是否特别有才华或有成就。很多研究发现，这种夸大的自我判断，而恰恰是在我们最不能胜任某项任务的时候，我们才会对自己的表现给出最慷慨的评价。文章分析了能力不够的人的一些表现，以及摆脱这种困境的方法。8词义猜测题。根据后文his ego-puncturing words. But lost in the anger and protest was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they're particularly talented or accomplished or not.可知，但在愤怒和抗议中迷失是我们真正应该铭记在心的事情：我们的年轻人实际上并不知道他们是否特别有才华或有成就。由此判断处出席典礼的父母们以及互联网上的许多其他父母都对他的自我伤害言论提出了争议。所以划线短语意思为“对有争议”。故选B。9推理判断题。根据第一段中In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it's not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average.可知我们急于提升他们的自尊，却忘了教他们如何实际地评估自己的能力，而这是学好数学、音乐、体育等任何学科的关键要求。事实上，不仅仅是那些享有特权的高中生：我们都倾向于认为自己高于平均水平。由此判断出，在作者看来，年轻人无法合理地定义自己的问题不应该被忽视。故选B。10细节理解题。根据第三段中What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was "metacognitive skill": the capacity to monitor how well they're performing.可知这些人所缺乏的(除了清晰的逻辑、正确的语法和幽默感之外)是“元认知技能”:监控自己表现的能力。由此可知A选项“他们缺乏监控自己表现的能力”文章提到了；第三段中In Dunning and Kruger's study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor "extremely overestimated" their talents.可知在Dunning和Kruger的研究中，在逻辑、语法和幽默测试中得分最低的受试者“极度高估”了自己的才能。由此可知，B选项“”文章提到了；根据第二段中People who are incompetent, he writes with co-author Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they're not good at what they do, and their ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.可知他与合著者Justin Kruger写道，能力不够的人承受着“双重负担”:他们不擅长自己的工作，而他们的无能使他们无法认识到自己有多糟糕。由此可知C选项“他们往往无法确切知道自己有多糟糕”文章提到了；只有D选项“他们在测验和考试中不够聪明”文章没有提到。故选D。11推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others.Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don't possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish(首先，我们可以学会诚实地与他人比较，训练自己认识到优秀，即使你自己没有，并将你能做的和真正优秀的人能完成的进行比较)以及后文Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you're doing, but just what it is that you're doing wrong.Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up.(找一个批评者，他不仅会告诉你你做得有多糟糕，还会告诉你你做错了什么。利用这些外部反馈，准确地找出你是在何时何地把事情搞砸的。)由此