专练11 科学技术类阅读理解(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc

备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）11科学技术类阅读理解【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材。文章中词汇的意思比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的观点，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。所以，文中出现的句子结构通常较复杂，语法分析较困难。1.结构严谨，逻辑性强。科普类文章属于说明文，一般由导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主体（main body）和结尾（end）四部分构成，在句首和句尾常出现主题句。这类文章通常有明确的主题，并且论证主题的事实逻辑结构严谨，层次分明，段落清晰。2.从词汇角度来看，在科普类文中，词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。由于科普类文章读者对象是大众，所以语言上力求浅显易懂，用通俗的语言解释某种科学现象和科学道理，但其中有些词汇仍带有很强的术语性的烙印。但通过上下文解释考生可以推定词义，从而顺利解题。因此，科普类文章中尽管有专业词汇和术语，但可以通过上下文、构词法等来理解题目，猜出题意。3.从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难，为了描述一个客观事实，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用及多种语法现象与一体的长句。常用被动语态、定语从句等【得分要点】1、学生需先通读短文，把握文章大意，了解该短文是解释何种科学现象或科学道理的，抓住体现本文主题的关键词和关键句，提高阅读速度。2、要做好科普类文章试题，考生还要掌握这类文章的特点和结构，真正读懂并理解它。在阅读这类文章时要遵循此类文章的一般结构：导语、背景、主体和结尾。阅读时要注意开头和结尾，往往可以归纳出文中的中心思想。3、在了解全文大意和结构的基础上，学会解决what/how/why等一类的问题，他们是文章的关键，如果能够带着这些问题去阅读，则会更迅速地抓住文章的主题。另外，还要通过读书看报等多普及科普知识，比如：太空与海洋、环境与污染、科技与创造发明、医疗卫生，动物世界等。这样长期坚持，既开阔了视野又能正确迅速地做好此类题。【真题再现1】【2020·全国卷I，C】Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?A. They must run long distances.B. They are qualified for the marathon.C. They have to follow special rules.D. They are good at swinging their legs.29. What advantage does race walking have over running?A. Its more popular at the Olympics.B. Its less challenging physically.C. Its more effective in body building.D. Its less likely to cause knee injuries.30. What is Dr. Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking?A. Getting experts opinions.B. Having a medical checkup.C. Hiring an experienced coach.D. Doing regular exercises.31. Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking?A. Skeptical.B. Objective.C. Tolerant.D. Conservative.【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。28.细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。29.细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。30.细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。31.推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。【真题再现2】 【2020·全国卷II，B】Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidence.B. Developing spatial skills.C. Learning self-control.D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？A. Parents age.B. Childrens imagination.C. Parents education.D. Child-parent relationship.26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?A. They play with puzzles more often.B. They tend to talk less during the game.C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method.B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologistD. A teaching program.【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。24.细节理解题。根据第二段中found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。25.细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。26.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。27.主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。【题型演练】1Two American astronauts were greeted by more than a dozen private boats on Sunday as their SpaceX capsule landed safely in the Gulf of Mexico. A few boats went for a closer look at the capsule, which, aided by parachutes, gently hit the water off the coast of Florida. As the capsule bounced in the water, a recovery team instructed the boaters to stay away.This raised concerns among NASA and SpaceX officials about security and safety procedures. The NASA administrator, Jim, acknowledged that the unprotected reception should not have happened. "If there is an emergency, the boats might have made recovery efforts, but there were poisonous smokes from the capsule. We need to do better next time," he said.The Coast Guard waned boaters to stay clear of the area in a radio broadcast two hours before the splashdown, but many boaters ignored the requests and decided to enter the area, putting themselves in potential danger.Robert L. Behnken and Douglas G. Hurley, the NASA astronauts, returned to Earth after nearly 64 days in orbit, most of them spent aboard the International Space Station. Their trip home was aboard the Crew Dragon, built by the private company SpaceX to transport NASA astronauts. The agency has relied on Russia for trips to space since the space shuttles were retired in 2011.While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed on runways, SpaceX chose water landings, which NASA has not done since 1975, when the last of the Apollo modules went to space.1. What were the boaters asked to do at the landing of the capsule?A. Come to rescue the capsule.B. Keep away from the capsule.C. Take a photo with the capsule.D. Warn others out of the landing area.2. What does Jim think about the private boaters?A. They were exposed to risks.B. They were well organized.C. They were scared of the capsule.D. They dreamed of going to space.3. What happened in 1975 according to the text?A. The last of the Apollo modules went back to earth.B. Water landings were introduced for space capsule.C. The International Space Station was put to work.D. NASA stopped using water landings for capsules.4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. NASA Begins to Send Spaceships on its Own after 45 YearsB. SpareX Capsule Made a Breakthrough by landing on WaterC. NASA Astronauts Returned to Earth after Working at ISSD. Boats Entering Capsule Landing Area Raised Safety Concerns【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。美国SpaceX太空舱在返回地球时降落在一片水域，此时附近的渔船上前观看，由此引起作者对相关人员的安全担忧。1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“As the capsule bounced in the water, a recovery team instructed the boaters to stay away.”（当太空舱在水中反弹时，一个救援小组指示船员离开。）可知，当太空舱着陆时，救援小组叫周围那些船上的人离远一些。故选B项。2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中美国宇航局局长Jim所说“If there is an emergency, the boats might have made recovery efforts, but there were poisonous smokes from the capsule. We need to do better next time.”（“如果发生紧急情况，救生艇可能已经进行了抢救，但是太空舱里冒出了有毒的烟雾。我们下次需要做得更好。”）可推知，太空舱发出的有毒烟雾会对船员有危险，所以说船员们面临危险。故选A项。3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed on runways, SpaceX chose water landings, which NASA has not done since 1975, when the last of the Apollo modules went to space.”（当飞行器像飞机一样在跑道上着陆时，SpaceX 选择了水上着陆，这是 NASA 自1975年以来从未做过的，当时最后一个阿波罗组件进入了太空。）可以推断，在1975年，NASA最后使用太空舱水上着陆，在这之后就停用了。故选D项。4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段内容和第二段第一句“This raised concerns among NASA and SpaceX officials about security and safety procedures.”（这引起了 NASA 和 SpaceX 官员对安保和安全程序的担忧。）可知，本文讲述美国SpaceX太空舱返回地球时降落在一片水域，一些船只前去观看而引起的人们对相关人员的安全担忧。选项D“船只进入太空舱着陆区引起安全担忧”围绕主题，简明扼要，适合作标题。故选D项。2Do you want something different for dinner? Try some space food. Many scientists are living for months aboard the International Space Station high above the earth. It's too expensive to carry food to feed people living in space. Therefore, people in space will need to grow food for themselves. But how can they grow food without soil and sunlight?Today, we already have hydroponic vegetables. The science of hydroponics is not new. Many writers believe that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually a large hydroponic system. This system could have used fresh water that was rich in oxygen and minerals for the plants. Hydroponic systems need light. In addition to sunlight, hydroponic farms can use artificial lights. Instead of soil, hydroponic farms use mixtures of chemicals to feed the plants. And in addition to a natural climate, most hydroponic farms often use greenhouses. One advantage of hydroponics is that diseases and insects that travel through the soil are avoided. Another advantage is there are no weeds to pull out.Farmers know how to grow a few kinds of hydroponic vegetables, such as lettuces, tomatoes, and cucumbers. But in space, people will need to eat more than salad. So scientists are learning how to grow hydroponic rice, beans and potatoes. As they do these experiments, they are analyzing their results and examining how to apply these results to a real life situation providing tasty meals for space travelers.The scientists make imitation meat dishes, such as carrot drumsticks, made from carrots, garlic, and bread, instead of chicken. How do these unusual foods taste? The scientists have been inviting a group of taste testers into their laboratories. So far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrot drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps soon, people will eat meals made from hydroponic vegetables that are truly out of this world.5. Why do scientists grow space food?A. To reduce food costs.B. To support space travelers.C. To find new varieties of food.D. To increase agricultural production.6. What is a must to grow hydroponic vegetables?A. Sunlight.B. Warm weather.C. Soil to grow the plants in.D. Chemicals to feed the plants.7. What is one advantage of hydroponic plants?A. They don't get diseases.B. They aren't affected by weeds.C. They can grow in a lightless place.D. They are bigger than common ones.8. What is the author's attitude towards scientists' space food experiment?A. Uninterested.B. Doubtful.C. Optimistic.D. Cautious.【答案】5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家通过种植太空食物，来给太空旅行者提供补给。没有土壤和阳光，他们采用了水培的方式种植蔬菜，文章介绍了水培蔬菜的所需条件和优点。科学家们正在学习如何种植水培水稻、豆类和土豆，作者相信不久的将来人们就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了。5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Many scientists are living for months aboard the International Space Station high above the earth. It's too expensive to carry food to feed people living in space. Therefore, people in space will need to grow food for themselves.(许多科学家要在地球上空的国际空间站上生活几个月。运送食物给住在太空的人吃成本太贵了。因此，太空中的人们将需要为自己种植食物)”可知，科学家要种植太空食物，是为了给太空旅行者提供食物补给。故选B。6. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead of soil, hydroponic farms use mixtures of chemicals to feed the plants.(水培农场用化学混合物代替土壤来喂养植物)”可知，种植水培蔬菜必须具备的条件是喂养植物的化学物质。故选D。7. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Another advantage is there are no weeds to pull out.(另一个优点是没有杂草需要拔除)”可知，水培植物的一个优点是它们不受杂草的影响。故选B。8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The scientists have been inviting a group of taste testers into their laboratories. So far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrot drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps soon, people will eat meals made from hydroponic vegetables that are truly out of this world.(科学家们邀请了一组味觉测试者进入他们的实验室。到目前为止，他们已经测试了200种不同的食谱。胡萝卜鸡腿这道菜很受欢迎。也