专练03 高频语法之动词的时态（语态）与语法填空(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc

备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）03高频语法之动词的时态（语态）与语法填空【技法总结】高频考点一 时态与语态【高考试题再现】语法填空1. (2017·全国卷)Later, engineers (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube. 2. (2017·全国卷) Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school (come) first. I dont want to get too absorbed in modeling. . . ”3. (2018·全国卷) While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. 4. (2018·全国卷) Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.  5. (2018·全国卷) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7. 7 million tons. 6. (2019·全国卷)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.  答案：1. managed es 3. is 4. has grown  5. started 6.have made 【关键技法点拨】语法填空解题策略1. 明晰高考考查类型:动词的时态和语态题, 大致可分为以下3种类型:一是题干中提供时间状语, 考生可直接根据所给的时间状语作出答案。二是提供的时间状语有较强的干扰性和迷惑性, 考生不能直接据此进行答题;三是题干中不提供任何时间状语, 而是给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子, 考生必须仔细分析语境, 才能作出最佳答案。2. 掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等要想到用一般现在时; (2)看到yesterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day等要想到用一般过去时; (3)看到since, so far, up to now, in the last/past few years等要想到用现在完成时。注意:如果题干中没有时间标志词, 而是有两个或两个以上的谓语动词, 这时我们应该将两个动词动作发生的时间进行比较, 依据动词发生的时间先后, 确定正确的时态。3. 熟记固定句型中的时态(1)be doing. . . when. . . , 主句常用过去进行时, 从句常用一般过去时; (2)It is/has been+时间段+since. . . 表示“自从以来已经”, 主句用现在完成时或一般现在时, 从句用一般过去时; (3)祈使句+and/or+陈述句, 陈述句常用一般将来时。4. 分清主动被动, 辨析语态看到动词为及物动词, 后面缺少宾语要想到用被动语态。【重点知识提示】一、一般现在时与一般过去时一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年必考的语法项目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。1一般现在时(1)表示习惯性、经常发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如usually、often、always、sometimes、every day等。On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.周一早上我通常花一小时开车上班。(2)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。(3)表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为，只限于go、come、leave、start、stop、arrive、begin、return、open、close等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。My dream school starts at 8: 30 am and ends at 3: 30 pm.我梦想的学校上午八点半上课，下午三点半放学。(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。2一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday、last year、the other day等时间状语连用；也可表示过去习惯性的动作。(2)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。(3)有些句子，虽然没有明确地表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know、think、expect、want等。Edward, you play so well. But I didn't know you played the piano.爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。二、现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时1.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行着的动作或存在的状态。I hear you are working in a pub. What's it like?Well, it's very hard work and I'm always tired, but I don't mind.我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。(2)某些表示位置转移的动词，如：come、go、leave、arrive、start、move等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。2过去进行时(1)表示过去某时正在发生的动作，或与过去发生的某事同时发生的动作；也可表示过去某个时间段内一直在进行的动作。I walked slowly through the market, where people were selling all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.我慢慢地走过市场，市场里人们在卖各种各样的水果和蔬菜。我认真地研究了价格之后，买了些我所需要的。(2)短暂性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划、安排要做的事。I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.我本打算那天晚些时候来看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。(3)现在进行时和过去进行时与always、constantly、continually、forever等副词连用，表示说话人对某种行为的赞赏、厌烦、不满等情绪。He was always changing his mind.他总是改变主意。3.将来进行时表示将来某时或某一时段正在进行的动作，常表示事情的正常发展。I'll be doing jobs about the house tomorrow.明天我要干些家务活。三、完成时态1.现在完成时(1)表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与lately、recently、so far、by now、up to/till now、in the last/past few days/years等时间状语连用。Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.到目前为止，工作进展得很顺利，我们确信一定会按时完工。(2)表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since时间点”或“for时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?Sorry, I haven't played the piano for years.我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。(3)现在完成时用于以下句型It is/has been时间段since .表示“自从以来已经”。It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.自我从这个大学毕业已经10年了。This/It/That is the first/second/third . time that .表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句要用现在完成时。This is the first time that I have visited Beijing.这是我第一次游览北京。提醒注意避免思维定式：一看到“for时间段”，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境是强调“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。My uncle lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.我叔叔在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。2过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，强调“过去的过去”之意。常与by、before等介词短语或状语从句连用或用于有上下文暗示的句子中。By the end of last year, we had accomplished the project completely.到去年年底，我们已彻底完成了该项目。(2)表示意向的动词，如hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本(事实上未能)”。I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.我本打算帮你的，但当时我太忙了。(3)用过去完成时的固定句型This/It/That was the first/second/third . time that .表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句要用过去完成时。hardly . when .和no sooner . than .两个句型中，主句均用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。3现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。For days the kids have been looking for others we can help.数日来孩子们一直在寻找我们能帮助的人。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this morning, but there's no answer.今早我给他打了数次电话，但仍未打通。四、一般将来时和过去将来时1.一般将来时(1)“will/shall动词原形”表示将来，往往指客观上要发生的事情或临时做出的决定。I hope you will behave properly at the funeral.我希望你在葬礼上做到得体有礼。(2)一般将来时的其他形式及用法“be going to动词原形”表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可表示已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某事。Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻子、女儿们一起游览北京。“be to动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、约定、禁止、可能性等。The lecture is to be delivered at the hall.讲座将在大厅举办。“be about to动词原形”或“be on the point of名词/动名词”表示快要发生的动作，但不能与确切的时间状语连用。Walk up! Walk up! The performance is about to begin.快过来！快过来！表演马上开始了。2过去将来时(1)“should/would动词原形”，表示从过去某一时刻看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中。Yesterday, he said he would come to the meeting.昨天，他说他将要参加那个会议。(2)过去将来时也可用“was/were going to动词原形”及“was/were to动词原形”及“was/were about to动词原形”表示。I thought the film was going to be interesting.我以为这部电影会比较有趣。五、被动语态1.被动语态的构成(以do为例)时体现在过去将来 过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/weredonewill/shallbe donewould/shouldbe done进行is/am/are beingdonewas/werebeing done完成have/hasbeen donehad beendonewill/shallhave beendonewould/shouldhave been done2.不能用于被动语态的动词及短语(1)某些及物动词(短语)：have(有)、hold(抓住)、cost(花费)、lack(缺乏)、belong to(属于)、own(拥有)、suit(适合)、fit(适合)。(2)某些不及物动词(短语)：happen/take place/occur (to)(发生)、remain(剩下)、break out(爆发)、last(持续)、come out(出版)、come up(被提出)、lose heart(失去信心)、date back to/date from(追溯到)、run out(用完)。The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building remains now.这座宫殿在20世纪曾三次失火，现在，最初的建筑物所剩无几。3主动形式表被动意义(1)连系动词smell、taste、sound、look、prove、turn等后接形容词做表语时。(2)表示主语特征或功能的词，如cut、catch、clean、draw、read、sell、write、wash等与well、badly、easily、smoothly等副词连用时。(3)少数其他动词，如open、close、lock、move、keep常与won't、wouldn't连用时。The door won't close, I think.我认为这个门关不上。(4)表示“开始”“结束”的词，如start、begin、finish、end等。高频考点二 情态动词与助动词【高考试题再现】语法填空1. (2017·北京高考)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, easily reach the books on the top shelf. 2. (2018·江苏高考)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved. 3. (2018·北京高考)In todays information age, the loss of data cause serious problems for a company. 4. (2018·北京高考)They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.  答案：1. can 2.had 3.can 4. had driven【关键技法点拨】语法填空解题策略语法填空题目中一般没有直接考查此语法项目。1. 若句中谓语动词为原形, 在其前设纯空格题时, 注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词;2. 一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语, 就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。注意虚拟语气中的时态, 除了if虚拟条件句, 还应注意虚拟语气的标志词, 如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, otherwise, or, but for等。【重点知识提示】一、情态动词的基本用法1.情态动词近几年常考点总结近几年高考语法填空对情态动词的考查可知，主要涉及以下3点：(1)情态动词后要加动词原形/系动词be构成谓语。(2)含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词be过去分词。(3)该用过去式时没用，有过去式的情态动词有：cancould、maymight、shallshould、willwould、have tohad to、daredared。2情态动词的基本用法(1)can/could表能力、请求、可能性(表示可能性用于否定句及疑问句中)；相关的特殊句型有：can not . too ./enough(再怎么也不过分)、can't help but do sth.(不得不做某事)、can't wait to do sth.(迫不及待地做某事)。(2)may/might表较小的可能性；表示请求许可以及祝愿。相关句型或搭配：may/might as well do表示“还是好；最好”；may well do表示“很可能”；may可以用来表示祝愿，用“may主语动词原形”结构。May you succeed.祝你成功。(3)must表示非常肯定的推测；表“偏要；非要不可”；mustn't意为“禁止”，表示“不必”应用needn't。(4)shall的用法用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表命令、警告、许诺或威胁等，语气强于should；用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征询意见。(5)should/ought toshould表责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”，还可表出乎意料的语气，意为“竟然”；ought to表义务或责任，意为“应该”。(6)will/would表意志或意愿；表事物的某种性质和倾向，或“按规律”“注定会”；表示习惯，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。(7)need和dareneed“需要”和dare“敢”，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。二、情态动词表推测的用法must肯定句一般时、进行时、完成时一定；肯定Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago, as a strongwilled man.can (could)疑问句，否定句一般时、进行时、完成时可能，能够It can't be the postman at the door. It's only six o'clock.may(might)肯定句、否定句一般时、进行时、完成时也许，可能I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone might have stolen it.should(ought to)肯定句、否定句一般时、完成时确定或期待，应该I shouldn't have watched that movieit'll give me horrible dreams.三、虚拟语气的用法1.if条件句中的虚拟语气if条件从句从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况动词过去式(be的过去式用were)should/would/could/might动词原形表示过去情况had过去分词should/would/could/mighthave过去分词表示将来情况should动词原形should/would/could/might动词原形动词过去式were to动词原形·If I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer first of all.如果我有足够的钱，我首先要为自己买一台电脑。·If you had come earlier, you couldn't/wouldn't have missed the bus.如果你早点儿来，你就不会错过那班公共汽车了。·If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow, I would invite him home.如果明天见到他，我会邀请他到我家。提示(1)if引导的非真实条件句中如果出现should、were或had，可以把if省略，把should、were或had提到句首，其他语序不变。(2)当if条件句中主、从句表示的动作或行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为错综时间条件句，这时动词的形式应根据动词所指的时间进行调整。(3)有时假设的情况并不用条件句表现出来，而是暗含在上下文中，比如通过without、or、otherwise、but for等词或短语来表示。2shoulddo .结构的虚拟语气一些表示命令、要求、请求、建议的动词，后面接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用“should动词原形”，should可以省略，但不能换成其他的情态动词，常见的这类动词有：order、command、require、request、demand、advise、suggest (建议)、propose、recommend、insist (坚持，坚决要求)等；以上这些动词以及其所对应的名词在涉及主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，从句谓语也要用“should动词原形”来表示，同样，should可以省略，但不能换成其他的情态动词。·Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。3wish后面接宾语从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反时，谓语用一般过去时；与过去事实相反时，谓语用过去完成时；与将来事实相反时，谓语用“could/would/might动词原形”。·I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket.我真希望我已经告诉了他到超市的路线。4would rather“宁愿”后接宾语从句时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。5It is (high/about) time (that) .意为“是的时候了”，that从句谓语要用虚拟语气。从句谓语的形式有两种：一种是用一般过去时；另一种是用“should动词原形”，需要注意的是，这里的should不能省略。·It's high time that we got/should get down to working.该我们着手工作的时候了。6if only从句中的虚拟语气if only引导的感叹句，其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。7as if、as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。·It seems as though it were spring already.看起来好像已经是春天了一样。(事实上不是)【专题训练】1阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。I felt butterflies in my stomach when I started calligraphy class ten years ago. I wondered what I was doing there. At that moment, I couldn't have known that I'd just made one of the best 1. (choose) of my life.I sat down and listened to the teacher introducing the tools of the craft. Then 2. was the first time for me that I had tried my hand. I took up the brush, using the correct gesture, 3. (dip) it in the ink, and carefully wrote "one" 4. Chinese.Over 5. past five years, I have learned to make versions of well-known poems. Calligraphy seemed like a bridge, 6. connected me to authors from centuries past. Stroke(笔画) by stroke, word by word, I could feel their emotions, cherished my own peace and learned 7. (appreciate) my daily life.Now, calligraphy is not just a hobby, 8. a way to remove myself from the worries of life. Rolling out the paper, I can write for a whole day. Calligraphy 9. (able) me to balance my busy schedule and live 10. (peace).【答案】1. choices2. it3. dipped4. in5. the6. which7. to appreciate8. but9. enables10. peacefully【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者从初上书法课的迷茫，到书法课成为自己身边必不可少的一部分的心理历程。1. 考查名词的数。分析句子结构可知，one of the best后加名词复数，表示“最好的之一”，故填choices。2. 考查固定句型。分析句子结构可知，it is/was the+序数词+time that是固定句型，意为“这是第几次”，故填it。3. 考查时态。句意：我拿起画笔，用正确的手势蘸了蘸墨水，小心翼翼地用中文写着“一”。结合句意可知，句中的三个动作take up, dip, write是连贯的、并列的，故时态一致，故填dipped。4. 考查介词。句意：小心翼翼地用中文写着“一”。分析句子结构可知，空处填介词，表示“用门语言”用介词in，故填in。5. 考查冠词。句意：在过去的五年里，我学会了翻译一些著名的诗歌。over the past five years意为“在过去的五年里”，表示特指，故填the。6. 考查定语从句连词。分析句子结构可知，空处填关系代词，在从句中作主语，先行词是a bridge，故填which。7. 考查动词的固定结构。句意：我可以感受到他们的情绪，珍惜自己的平静，学会欣赏我的日常生活。learn to do sth.意为“学做”，故填to appreciate。8. 考查并列连词。句意：现在，书法不仅仅是一种爱好，而是一种让自己摆脱生活烦恼的方式。根据句意可知，notbut意为“不是而是”，故填but。9. 考查时态和主谓一致。根据句子结构可知，空处填时态，结合语境，此处用一般现在时，且主语是calligraphy，故填enables。10. 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处填副词，修饰动词live，故填peacefully。2阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Different countries have wildly different forms of greeting.In the USA, when you pass by someone you know, a nod is acceptable, and you usually shake hands with someone you first meet. But in Latin countries, a firm handshake11. (consider) rude. In my home country, Mauritius, when people meet, they usually kiss each other 12. the cheeks. This is also common in France, 13. the act is called faire la bise. However, this is not 14. universal rule.During my first week in the USA, I kissed every single girl I met. My friends had to tell me that that was inappropriate,15. (leave) me in great embarrassment. What is common here, however, is for friends16. (hug) each other something I was not used to. Hugs always make me 17. (frighten) because I dont really like that. This may seem strange since even kissing 18. (stranger) is normal in my country. Now that I think about it, I hate cheek-kissing as well.Wouldnt it be 19. (enjoy) to have a greeting code that is 20. (wide) acceptable? Im not saying we should start doing that, but we can surely do something to avoid misunderstanding.【答案】11. is considered12. on13. where14. a15. leaving16. to hug17. frightened18. strangers19. enjoyable20. widely【分析】本文是记叙文。作者通过自己的亲身经历和例子讲述了不同的国家有非常不同的问候方式。11. 考查时态语态。句中主语a firm handshake和动词consider是被动关系，此处作谓语用被动语态。表示客观事实，与上下文一致用一般现在时。故填is considered。12. 考查介词。此处指亲吻对方的脸颊，在脸上用介词on。故填on。13. 考查定语从句。句中包含定语从句，先行词是France，在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导，故填where。14. 考查冠词。句中rule是可数名词单数形式，此处表示一种普遍的规律，universal开头是