专练33 概要写作内涵转换策略(解析版)---备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）.doc

备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）33概要写作内涵转换策略【概要写作语言优化攻略】概要写作的评分原则之一是“对各要点表达的独立性情况”，即要用自己的语言表述原文要点，不能照抄原文的语句。同时各要点之间应注意利用恰当的过渡衔接词汇，使所写的句子连贯流畅。一 、优化你的语言1. 替换单词、短语在找出文中的要点后，利用替换单词、短语等方法来增强语言表达的独立性。利用同义词(短语)或近义词(短语)代替原文单词或短语。将原文动词短语转换为介词短语、名词短语替换成动词短语、动词转换为名词、形容词转换为副词等。2. 调整句式除了用替换单词、短语等方式增强语言表达的独立性外，还可以采用灵活调整句式的方式达到语气目标。(1)长变短：压缩长的句子和词组，使其变得短小精悍，如两个简单句整合为一个并列句或主从复合句；复合句或并列句简化为简单句、从句简化为介词短语或者分词短语等。(2)主动变被动：主动句变为被动句式，更生动更符合英语表达。(3)善用定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、倒装句、强调句、省略句等丰富的句型结构等。二、恰当过渡衔接概要写作的评分标准之一是上下文的连贯性，要求你有效运用一定的衔接手段。3种使上下文连贯的衔接手段词汇衔接：运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现。逻辑衔接：利用表逻辑关系的过渡词衔接上下文，如besides, in addition, therefore等，在选用过渡衔接词时，应考虑前后句子之间的内在逻辑关系。语法衔接：常见的语法衔接有替代和省略。替代：用代词替代前面的名词(短语)和句子，用助动词代替前面的动词(短语)。省略：在语境表达清晰的情况下，为了表达简洁，省略上文或下文的某个词句。【策略演示】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2019年6月，浙江高考)Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when .” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.Still, don't go too far in the other direction. . Kids will feel like and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that . If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can . “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that .”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case­by­case basis and be proportionate ._【思路点拨】第1步读懂原文，明确篇章结构本文是议论文，提出当前父母对孩子进行过度赞扬和不表扬是同样有害的，正确的做法是找到其闪光点进行适度的表扬，以培养其自信乐观的心态。文章四个自然段，就是4个意义段，对应4个要点。第一段：指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长。第二段：对孩子的表扬不足同样有害。第三段：对孩子的表扬要恰当而且适时。第四段：关注孩子的努力，不必太过关注结果。第2 步去次留精，提炼关键信息本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现， 其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键词，其他则为次要信息。第3步归纳要点，合理转换表达采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：第一段主题句可归纳为要点1：该要点中的“the opposite”可利用同义表达改为contrary to；“stay on top where their parents' praise has put them”(指的是父母对孩子过度表扬而设定的目标)可转换为 unrealistic goals。第二段主题句可归纳为要点2：该要点中的“Not giving enough praise”可转换为inadequate praise; “they're not good enough or that you don't care”可转换为they are not doing well or they are ignored。第4步句式多样，注意过渡衔接句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词、定语从句和名词性从句，归纳整合要点。要点1指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长，而要点2说明对孩子的表扬不足同样有害，由此前两个要点为转折关系，可利用however衔接；第3个要点说明要给予恰当适时的表扬，由此可知该要点与前两个要点是因果关系可利用therefore衔接；第3个要点中的恰当适时的表扬与第4个要点中的表扬努力为并列关系， 可利用表“并列，顺承”的过渡衔接词汇，如besides, additionally等。【参考范文】Contrary to the past, some parents are likely to overpraise their kids, making them feel given unrealistic goals. (要点1) ， others give their kids inadequate praise, which gives them a false idea that they are not doing well or they are ignored. (要点2) ， praising them properly and punctually is definitely favorable. (要点3) ， to do so parents are advised to focus on their kids' effort instead of the result. (要点4)【题型演练】1阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Until 2017, the Emperor penguin was listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but as of 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted to suffer a moderately rapid population decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of climate change. The number one threat to their survival is global warming. Heres how it has affected Emperor penguins and what we should do.A decrease in the amount of sea ice formation, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future of the Emperor penguin. Many Emperor penguins breed on ice shelves that only form during the Antarctic winter. There have been times in recent years when the ice shelves have melted back faster or sooner than usual. Many of the chicks havent completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning.One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is food for the penguins. One of their food sources is krill (磷虾), and the sea-ice shelves serve as a nursery for the krill. The newly-born krill feed on the algae (水藻) that grow on the underside of the sea ice. When there is less sea ice, there is less algae for the krill to feed on, and consequently less krill is produced.Measures should be taken to protect these animals. People can donate to organizations that are working to protect Emperor penguins and other penguin species, and our oceans in general. Reducing your impact on the environment, in particular, is something you can doyou can make these tiny changes to lower your carbon footprint every day. You can also be mindful about reducing seafood consumption and eating sustainably caught seafood, as overfishing is the second greatest threat to nearly every penguin species today. Also, avoid using supplements and other products that contain krill or krill oil._【参考范文】Since 2018, Emperor penguins have been listed as Near-Threatened because their population tends to decline due to the effects of global warming. (要点1) Global warming decreases the amount of the ice formation in their habitats. As a result, the chicks are forced into the cold ocean before they grow strong enough (要点2), and their food source is also influenced (要点3). So people should take action to protect them (要点4).【写作分析】本文是说明文，主要讲述由于全球变暖导致皇帝企鹅面临生存危机，人们应该采取措施保护他们，保护大自然。1.要点摘录Until 2017, the Emperor penguin was listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but as of 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted to suffer a moderately rapid population decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of climate change. A decrease in the amount of sea ice formation, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future of the Emperor penguin. Many of the chicks havent completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning.One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is food for the penguins.Measures should be taken to protect these animals.2.缜密构思将第1要点自2018年以来，皇帝企鹅被列为近危物种，原因是全球气候变暖进行压缩，将第2、3两个要点全球气候变暖，其对皇帝企鹅的影响体现在两方面进行整合，应在这两点之间增加表并列的关联词and, 合并这两个要点。要点4和前面的内容有因果关系，故用so或者therefore连接，使得上下文连贯、紧凑。3.遣词造句Since 2018, Emperor penguins have been listed as Near-Threatened because their population tends to decline due to the effects of global warming. Global warming decreases the amount of the ice formation in their habitats. As a result, the chicks are forced into the cold ocean before they grow strong enough and their food source is also influenced. So people should take action to protect them.【范文点评】高分句型1 Since 2018, Emperor penguins have been listed as Near-Threatened because their population tends to decline due to the effects of global warming.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括。其中because引导的原因状语从句、due to短语的使用表达高级。高分句型2：As a result, the chicks are forced into the cold ocean before they grow strong enough and their food source is also influenced. 用before引导时间状语从句对第二段进行了概括，还用了as a result短语表达非常高级。高分句型3：So people should take action to protect them. 用so引导句子对上文进行衔接同时概括了第四段内容。同时还用了比较高级短语take action to do sth.（采取措施做某事）。2 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要From the health point of view, we are living in a wonderful age, immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases and freed from the once deadly illnesses thanks to modern drugs and surgery. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater, every day we witness the unbelievable killings of men, women and children on the roads. It is a never-ending battle which man is losing against the car. Thousands of people the world over are killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen. It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the car often brings out a mans very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a wheel. All their hidden frustrations and disappointments seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles gently on the driver and seems to forgive his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable（不宜居住的）because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is ruined by road networks; and the mass annual deaths becomes nothing but a number, to be conveniently forgotten.It is high time rules were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all vehicles should be put through strict tests for safety; present drinking and driving laws should be made much stricter; maximum and minimum speed limits should be required on all roads. These measures may sound strict. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual loss of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not cars._【参考范文】Despite the fact that we are now living a healthy life, we should in no case ignore car accidents which kill a shockingly large number of people annually. The reasons for the tragedies are drivers' disrespect for human life and societys tolerance for their selfish behavior. To try to avoid such a meaningless waste of human life, severe measures concerning drivers, vehicles and traffic laws and rules should be taken immediately.【写作分析】本文是一篇议论文。由机动车带来的事故给社会带来了巨大的伤亡和伤害，文章认为导致这一悲剧的原因是车辆驾驶员对生命的不尊重以及社会对司机的容忍。最后给出了一系列严格的建议措施。1.要点摘录.From the health point of view, we are living in a wonderful age。.Thousands of people the world over are killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality.The surprising thing is that society smiles gently on the driver and seems to forgive his behavior.It is high time rules were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is;.All vehicles should be put through strict tests for safety;.Present drinking and driving laws should be made much stricter;.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be required on all roads.2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组；将第3、4两个要点进行整合重组；将第5、6、7、8、9五个要点进行整合重组。3.遣词造句 Despite the fact that we are now living a healthy life, we should in no case ignore car accidents which kill a shockingly large number of people annually. The reasons for the tragedies are drivers' disrespect for human life and societys tolerance for their selfish behavior. To try to avoid such a meaningless waste of human life, severe measures concerning drivers, vehicles and traffic laws and rules should be taken immediately.【范文点评】高分句型1： Despite the fact that we are now living a healthy life, we should in no case ignore car accidents which kill a shockingly large number of people annually. 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括。that引导的同位语从句概括了第一句的内容，which引导的定语从句概括了第二、三句的内容。主句“we should in no case ignore car accidents”则对最后一句的观点进行合理转化。高分句型2：To try to avoid such a meaningless waste of human life, severe measures concerning drivers, vehicles and traffic laws and rules should be taken immediately.一个复杂的简单句概括了原文最后一段的所有内容。首先，用不定式作目的状语概括了第一句的内容；其次，用现在分词结构“concerning drivers, vehicles and traffic laws and rules”作后置定语修饰“severe measures”概括了本段剩余的全部内容。3 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Which is more environmentally friendly, paper or plastic? There was a time when a trip to the supermarket in the United States often ended with a simple question from the cashier:"Paper or plastic?"The customers knew it means "Which type of bag would you choose?"While all types of bags have some influence on the environment, it has long been supposed that paper bags are kinder. They are made from a renewable source, break down easily, burn without giving off thick smoke and can be recycled. However, the producing process behind paper bags uses more energy than that of plastic ones. Studies show that paper bag production requires four times as much energy as plastic bag production. And the amount of water used to make them is twenty times higher. Besides, the influence on forests is very serious. It takes about fourteen million trees to produce ten billion paper bags, which happens to be the number of bags used in the United States yearly. In terms of recycling, the idea that paper bags are more environmentally friendly than plastic ones can be quickly discarded. Research shows it requi