专题02-介词（原卷版）-备战2022年新高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过.docx

考点02 介词（原卷版）【命题趋势】介词也是高考必考点，每年都保持在一至两个题目，命题形式除了语法填空外还在完形填空中进行考查，其考点主要涉及常用介词的用法区别，介词与动词、名词、形容词等的常见搭配，介词在特定语境中的选用和介词短语的用法等。【重要考向】一、易混的介词；二、常见的复合介词；三、和介词有关的固定搭配；考向一 易混的介词【典例】 【2021全国甲卷语法填空】It was built originally to protect the city _ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 【易混的介词提分秘籍】1over，above，on，beyond表示“在上”(1)over一般表示“在的正上方”“在垂直上方”，其反义词是under；over还可表示在被覆盖在物体的上面。如：He held a large umbrella over the girl.他给女孩打着一把大伞。He put his hand over her mouth to stop her screaming.他伸手捂住她的嘴，不让她叫喊。over还可表示“超过”，多用于年龄、时间、距离。如：She stayed in London over a month.她在伦敦呆了一个多月。还可表示“在期间”，相当于during，while doing。The English language has changed over hundreds of years.英语发生变化有几百年了。They were having a pleasant chat over a cup of coffee.他们边喝咖啡边愉快地聊天。 (2)above一般表示“在的上方”，只说明物体间的上下关系，可能垂直，也可能不垂直。如：A fly was flying above the table.一只苍蝇正在餐桌上飞。另外，above还可指在数量、重量、价格、费用等方面超过或高于规定的数量或一般标准。如：The shelf should be six feet above the level of the floor.书架应离地面六英尺。(3)on一般表示“在上面”，通常指与物体的表面有接触。There is a picture on the wall.墙上有张图。当表示“陷入其中”时，我们也要用介词in，尽管汉语表示“在上”。如：There is a window in the wall.墙上有扇窗户。There is a well in the ground.地上有口井。(4)beyond一般指超过界限、范围、限度等。如：Im curious to know what there is beyond the sea.我非常想知道大洋彼岸有什么。Why he did it is beyond my comprehension.我不能理解他为什么做这件事。The situation was getting beyond his control.他无法控制局势。2across，through，over，past都可表示“通过”(1)across指在某一空间内从一端到另一端的表面穿过。如：They sailed across the ocean.他们扬帆横渡大洋。A plane flew across the sky.一架飞机从空中飞过。(2)through指从人群或物体中间穿过，也可用于抽象意义上的通过：如：Cars are not allowed to go through the city centre.禁止汽车在市中心穿行。(3)over是相对于位置的高低而言，强调“翻越”，也常表示跨过一段距离。如：The man jumped over the wall and disappeared among the crowd.那人翻过墙消失在人群中。(4)past表示“从旁经过”，表示动作发生在某物旁边。如：We walked past the shop this afternoon.我们今天下午路过那家商店。3at，in，on均可表示时间(1)表示确切的时间用at，在非正式英语里，在(at)what time这一短语以及用于句首的其他表示时间的短语中，通常可以省略at。(2)表示一天的上午、下午、晚上用in，即：in the morning，in the afternoon，in the evening，但也有at night(在夜里)，at dawn(在黎明)，at noon(在中午)，at midnight(在午夜)。如专指某一天的上(下)午、晚上，或要对某一天上(下)午、晚上加以描述，就用on，而不用in。如：on the evening of May 1(在5月1日的晚上)。(3)谈到具体的某一天，用on，在星期几前面，on可以省略(尤其在美语中)。如：I met him on a cold day.xk/w我在一个寒冷的日子里见到了他。Im seeing her(on)Sunday morning.星期天上午我要和她见面。(4)周末和节日表示周末用at the weekend(英)或on the weekend(美)；泛指圣诞节、复活节、感恩节时，都用at。但如果说假日中的某一天，就要用on。如：on Easter Monday复活节后的星期一。(5)说到星期、月、季、年、世纪等较长时间时，要用in。如：in a week在一周内；in May在五月；in 2004在2004年；in the 18th century在18世纪；in the fall/autumn在秋天。4by，with，in，through都可表示“工具、手段和方法”(1)by表示“乘(交通工具)”，也指“通过(方法)”。表示方式，指抽象的或无形的手段时，其宾语一般是抽象名词或动名词；指具体的手段时，其宾语通常是表示身体某个部位、交通工具或通讯工具等的名词，且名词前不用冠词。如：You can make the cake by mixing eggs and flour.把鸡蛋与面粉混合，你就可以做出那种蛋糕。Can I reach you by telephone?我可以用电话和你联系吗？(2)with表示“用工具/手段”，一般接具体的手段或工具，不能接动名词。如：He sharpened his pencil with a knife.他用小刀削铅笔。(3)in表示用的方法、工具、材料等。如：Please write in ink，not in pencil.请用墨水写，不要用铅笔写。I paid the bill in cash.我用现金付账。表示“用容器(之类的工具)”时，用in。如：They carried earth in basket.他们用篮子提土。(4)through表示“通过途径/方式/方法”，一般是指具体的或有形的手段，其宾语往往是具体的人或事物。如：We arranged our holiday through an agent.我们通过一个经纪人来安排我们的假日。He got the chance through being a scientist.由于是个科学家，他得到了这次机会。5to，at，for，toward(s)都表示方向，“到，向，朝”(1)toward(s)强调动作的方向；to则兼指“到达”的含义，强调结果。如：I saw her walking toward (s) the cinema.我见她朝电影院走去。I saw her walking to the cinema.我见她正朝电影院走去。(2)for常用在leave，start，set out，set off，head，sail的后面，表示要去的目的地。如：They are leaving for New York next week.他们下周去纽约。(3)at常和throw，shout，shoot等动词连用，表示目标。常常含有仇恨的感情色彩。而to与这些词连用时，仅仅表示方向。如：Its not polite to shout at people.朝人大声喊叫是不礼貌的。When I came to the dog，it came at me，I rushed away with fear.当我走向这条狗时，它向我扑来，我吓得拔腿就跑。6besides，except，except for，but都可表示“除之外”(1)besides与exceptbesides表示“除了之外(尚有)(宾语包括在内)”，表示肯定；另外，它还可以作副词，有“再说”的意思，表示语气的递进。except表示“除了之外(宾语不包括在内)”，含有否定含义。如：There are four persons besides Tom to do the work，the four of whom are expert at it.算汤姆在内有四个人做这项工作。他们四个在这方面都在行。There are four persons except Tom to do the work，four of whom are expert at it.不算汤姆，他们有四个人做这个工作。他们当中的四个在这方面都在行。Who else do you need to help you besides me?除了我以外，你还需要谁帮忙？Sorry，I cant go with you tonight.Its dark，besides, its raining heavily.对不起，我今晚不能和你一起去。天很黑，再说，还下着大雨。(2)except，except for与except that­clause它们都有“除了”的意思，区别在于：except前后陈述的是同一类的东西。except for前后所陈述的不属同类，表示引述一个相反细节，对上一陈述起到修正说明的作用，except for后接名词和代词。except that­clause也是表示引述一个相反细节，对上一陈述起到修正说明的作用，后接宾语从句(注意宾语从句的连接词的正确使用)。如：There is nothing except a desk in the classroom.教室里只有一张课桌。(desk和nothing属于同一类)We enjoyed the party except for the loud music.除了音乐嘈杂了点，我们在聚会上玩得很开心。(the loud music和the party不属于同类)Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.Your composition is good except that there are some spelling mistakes.除了几个拼写错误之外，你的作文很好。He goes to the library every day except when he is not well.他除了身体不舒服以外，每天都去图书馆。(3)but作为介词和except同义，通常用在no以及由no组成的合成词或表示否定意义的词后面，而except不受此限制。如：Nobody else but/except me could solve the word puzzle.除了我，谁都不会解这个字谜。I had no choice but to wait.我除了等待之外别无选择。(4)but for表示“要不是”，用于虚拟语气。except for只起修正作用。如：But for your timely help, I couldnt have finished the work on time. I cant thank you too much.要不是你及时的帮助，我就不能按时完成这项工作。我对你感激不尽。7due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to这几个短语都可以作“由于，因为”解，是表原因的介词短语。(1)due to.有三个用法：作定语、表语和状语；作状语时可放在句首或句尾。如：The mistake due to carelessness is serious.由于粗心大意所造成的这个错误是严重的。Due to driving at high speed the accidents were common.由于高速驾驶，交通事故很常见。His illness is due to bad food.他生病的原因是吃了劣质食物。(2)owing to.可作状语、定语和表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，一般应和句子的其他成分隔开，可放在句首、句中或句尾。如：The service is poor owing to a shortage of staff.服务之所以差是因为工作人员不足。She is now, owing to bad health, not so active in the activity.由于身体不好，她现在在活动中表现得没有那么活跃了。(3)on account of.可作状语和表语。作状语时修饰全句，应和句子的其他成分隔开，但有时也可不隔开。如：He resigned on account of age.他由于年迈而辞职。That was on account of lack of experience.那是由于缺乏经验所致。(4)thanks to.只作状语，比较正式，有感谢的含义，作“多亏”解，但有时也含有贬义。如：Thanks to your help, we were successful.多亏你的帮助，我们才得以成功。考向二 常见的复合介词【典例】【2021浙江卷6月语法填空】In 1844 they bought it _ $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.【常见的复合介词提分秘籍】 according to根据，按照，取决于as a result of由于的结果as far as就而论at the mercy of受支配at the sight of一看到by means of用，依靠，借助于by way of取道于；途经(via)by the way of用的方法because of因为，由于due to因为in addition to除了之外(还有)in advance of在前面；比先进in celebration of为庆祝in case of假设，万一in search of寻求；试图发现in place of代替in need of需要in charge of对负责；主管in the charge of由负责(表被动意义)in spite of尽管；即使；虽然；不管in time of在时刻in a state of处于状况中in course of在进行中in the course of在期间in favour of赞同；有利于in honor of向表示敬意，为纪念in memory of为纪念instead of代替；而不是on account of因为；由于owing to因为thanks to因为；多亏under the name of以的名义under the condition that在条件下under the control of在支配下with no relation to与无关with the view of为了；以为目的within the reach of在力所能及的范围内考向三 和介词有关的固定搭配【典例】【2020全国卷语法填空】The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist _ earth, Mother Nature.【和介词有关的固定搭配提分秘籍】1名词与介词的固定搭配要求用to的名词：key，answer，visit，apology，introduction要求用in的名词：interest，satisfaction，expert要求用on的名词：mercy，congratulation要求用其他介词的名词：prize(for)，respect(for)，victory(over)，struggle(with)2形容词与介词的固定搭配要求用at的形容词：angry，good，bad，surprised，excited，puzzled，frightened要求用of的形容词：afraid，sure，certain，full，tired，fond，proud，worthy要求用with的形容词：angry，strict，busy，popular要求用in的形容词：weak，strict，rich, interested，successful，slow xk.w要求用to的形容词：next，good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，known，married，close，similar，due要求用for的形容词：sorry，famous，fit，unfit，eager，anxious，hungry要求用from的形容词：far，different，free，safe，absent，tired要求用about的形容词：sorry，worried，anxious，careful，sure，certain1.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types _ trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:2.【2021浙江卷语法填空】The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased _ 2.1 in women and men.3.【2020全国卷语法填空】The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so _ the familiar near side. 4.【2020全国卷语法填空】Bamboo plants are associated _ health, abundance and a happy home. 5.【2020新高考全国卷语法填空】Museums must compete_ people's spare time and money with other amusements. 6.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】Some time after 10, 000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived_ , through agriculture. 7.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】This aging of the population is driven_ two factors. 8.【2019全国卷语法填空】Modern methods_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area. 9.【2019全国卷语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack_ dogs，seven to be exact. 10.【2019浙江卷6月语法填空】The answer _ this question is not clear. 11.【2018全国卷语法填空】I was searching _ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing. 12.【2018浙江卷6月语法填空】If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home _ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her. 13.【2018浙江卷11月语法填空】One cup of coffee _ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night. 14.【2017全国卷语法填空】This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）_ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.15.【2017全国卷语法填空】It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _ work. 16.【2017全国卷语法填空】After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree _ engineering or architecture. 17.【2017浙江卷11月语法填空】You wouldn't think that a few months of exercise in your teens would be enough _ the rest of your life, and that's also true for building your vocabulary-you have to keep at it daily, and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.18.【2017浙江卷语法填空】“She thought I had hurt _ (I),” says Pahlsson.1.【重庆市南开中学2021届高三仿真】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans to retire _ her 36-year-old business. 2.【重庆市一中2021届高三适应性考试】Thanks_ his way of treating, many patients began to get better. Zhong finally won people's trust. 3.【重庆市第八中学2021届高三二诊】The Chinese calculators name is “suanpan”, but it is known _ “abacus” in English. Invented by Liu Hong, abacus is one of the symbols of Chinese peoples wisdom dating back to the 12th century.4.【辽宁省沈阳市2021届高三教学质量监测】The flowing water joins here to form it. _ average, the evaporation (蒸发) there is more than 60 times that of the annual rainfall.5.【辽宁百校联盟2021届高三质监】_ Xiongan aiming to become a "smart, green and residents-friendly" city that faces the future, the Xiongan Railway Station, the landmark of the area, resembles a model for such a future. 6.【湖南师范大学附中2021届高三模拟】On March 2, when the 27-year-old Chinese striker (前锋) helped his team to a 3-1 win _ Real Valladolid, Wu became the first player from an Asian country to score a goal in Spain's top league.7.【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】However, the pretty princess fell in love _ dancing.8.【湖北省八市2021届高三联考】While it is deeply rooted in Chinese culture, Shanghai has also moved _the times and become a modern metropolis From doing sports and running on Bund to traditional Chinese art or modern Western art museums, every activity is feasible in Shanghai.9.【湖北省2021届高三联考】The recovery team would do an initial processing of the capsule and then use a plane to transport it _ Beijing, where it would be opened for technicians to remove the container holding lunar samples, then administration said.10.【河北省张家口市2021届高三一模】Newey delivers pizzas about 30 hours a week. He started the job after realizing he couldn't live just only _social security.11.【河北省衡水中学2021届高三联考】When the sun, moon and the earth are _a straight line, there will be an eclipse, so that the moon completely blocks the sun.12.【河北省保定市2021届高三模拟】_ Chinas “mother river”, the peace and ecological environment of the Yellow River is significant to the sustainable development of Chinese nation.13.【广东湛江一中2021届高三模拟】Because hearing loss is typically considered a health problem for the elderly, it is difficult to convince already stubborn teenagers that they really are doing damage _ their ears.14.【广东实验中学2021届高三模拟】As the 37 (three) solar term in the lunar year, its name suggests the fact that animals sleeping in winter are awakened 39 spring thunder and that the earth begins to come back to life.15.【广东省深圳市2021届高三调研】The 40-year-old woman, who used to be a farmer and housewife, is now admired in her hometown_ her great success in boosting sales of farm produce.16.【广东省六校2021届高三联考】Many of us are turning _ activities like skipping with an old rope, or watching one of the many times experts who produce exercise videos online.17.【广州2021届高三一模】The art of tea extended to its fancy containers, which are _ display at the museum. Gracefully rounded kettles date back 5,000 years; tea bowls from the Tang Dynasty have a beautiful simplicity.18.【广东省佛山市2021届高三质检】Many athletes had mixed feelings _ the delay.19.【福建省厦门市2021届高三质检】In many Asian, African and Latin American cultures, extended eye contact is impolite and it is thought of _ an offensive or a challenge of authority.20.【福建省龙岩市2021届高三质检】By training intensively, Liang broke his way_ victory and won the 45th WSC21.【福建省福州一中2021届高三模拟】The study's Danish researchers are convinced that choosing this kind of physical activity can reward us_ 5 to 6 more years of life!22.【福建省福州市2021届高三一模】To this day, the phrase “the spirit of ox” still refers_ conquering anything that may present itself as an obstacle.23.【重庆市育才中学2021届高三模拟】Sure I have gone _ many unpleasant phases of life, but with the positive attitude I walked through them and later found al1 those phases were blessings in disguise.24. 【重庆市南开中学2021届高三模拟】He first became acquainted with the bird family after he rescued two chicks that had fallen_ their nest in his front yard five years ago.25. 【重庆市巴蜀中学2021届高三模拟】It has the ability of heating up to keep the highway clear _ snow and ice and is able to wirelessly charge electric vehicles.26.