专题03-名词（原卷版）-备战2022年新高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过.docx

考点03 名词（原卷版）【命题趋势】近几年高考完形填空和语法填空中中对名词的考查一直是重点，且考查范围较广。其命题趋势仍将是：在不同语言环境中去识别词义，进行词义辨析，是高考考查的重点。因此，考生不仅要弄清词义，而且也要把握好语言环境，在单项填空、完形填空中这类试题会继续出现。建议考生在复习中注意名词的变形和基本用法。【重要考向】一、名词的数；二、名词作定语；三、名词所有格；考向一 名词的数【典例】【2021全国新高考卷语法填空】The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we _ (human) are.【名词的数提分秘籍】名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。1可数名词的复数(1)可数名词变复数一般都是直接加­s；词尾若是s，x，ch，sh，在词尾加­esdeskdesks；dishdishes stomach的复数形式是stomachs(2)以”辅音字母y”结尾的词，要变y为i再加­esstudystudies(3)以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为­vesleafleaves(4)以字母o结尾的名词，多数加­spianopianos(5)单、复数同形sheep；deer(6)单、复数都要加s的名词works(工厂)；means(方法)有一些例外情况：(1)巧记以o结尾加­es的名词：黑人英雄吃西红柿和马铃薯。(即Negro，hero，tomato和potato四个词)(2)巧记以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时直接加­s：海湾(gulf)里的首领(chief)只相信(belief)放在屋顶(roof)保险箱(safe)里的证据(proof)。2不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示量，通常要用“a表量的概念的名词of名词”来表示，其中的表量的概念的名词可以根据需要用复数形式a piece of paper一张纸；several pieces of information几条信息。通常情况下，抽象名词和物质名词都是不可数名词，如comfort，luck，rain，energy等。3一些不可数名词也有复数形式，但词义不同语意语意brains智力times时代manners礼貌hairs几根头发goods货物sands沙滩，沙漠arms武器waters水域，领海snows积雪fruits水果glasses眼镜papers论文；试卷；报纸greens青菜customs海关pains努力woods树林4.抽象名词、物质名词具体化(1)英语中有一类名词在表示泛指意义时，它是一种概念，是不可数名词，但当它们被赋予了具体的含义后，可看作可数名词，一般与不定冠词连用，含有”一个(件、次)的人或事”。如：beauty(美，美貌)a beauty(一个美人或一件美物)danger(危险)a danger(一件危险的事或一个危险的人)failure(失败)a failure(一件失败的事或一个失败的人)honour(光荣)an honour(一个带来荣誉的人或一件带来荣誉的事)must(必须)a must(一件必要的事或物)worry(担心)a worry(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人)pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事)service(服务)a service(一个服务机构)smoke(烟)a smoke(一缕烟)surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事)experience(经验)an experience(一次经历)(2)物质名词在表示构成物体的基本要素时，是不可数名词，但一旦表示具体物品，就变成了可数名词。如：coffee(咖啡)a coffee(一杯咖啡)sand(沙子)a sand(一片沙滩)iron(铁)an iron(一个熨斗)water(水)a water(一片水域)抽象名词有时还可用复数形式。如：comfort(安慰)comforts(舒适的设施)；joy(乐趣)joys(乐事)；difficulty(困难)difficulties(困难，难做的事)。还有的用在某些固定短语中，如：have a look(看一下)；a few，a little(一些)；all of a sudden(突然)；make a study of(对进行研究)；in a hurry(匆忙)等。5有些可数名词抽象为“某一概念”时，便转化为不可数名词a room(房间)room(空间)；a word(话，词)word(消息)；a space(空地)space(宇宙,空间);go to school/church/bed/ college，etc(去上学/做礼拜/上床睡觉/上大学等)。6有些词只用作不可数名词Fun, advice, news, information, furniture，equipment，baggage/luggage，bread, homework，housework，juice，weather，progress，practice等。7常见复合名词的复数looker­onlookers­on旁观者；passer­bypassers­by过路人；father­in­lawfathers­in­law岳父；comrade­in­arms comrades­in­arms战友；go­betweengo­betweens中间人；grown­upgrown­ups成年人；store­keeperstore­keepers店主；tooth­brushtooth­brushes牙刷。8英语中集合名词的”数”有三种情况(1)“形单义复”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：cattle牛；police警察；people人们(作民族、种族讲时复数为peoples)；youth青年人(youths指青年们)。(2)“形单义单”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：baggage/luggage行李；clothing衣服；furniture家具；machinery机械；man/mankind人类。(3)有些集合名词作整体看时，当单数用，谓语动词用单数；作其“成员”解时，当复数用，且形式不变，谓语动词用复数。如：family家；government政府；group组；team队；class班级；audience听众。考向二 名词作定语【典例】【2021浙江卷6月语法填空】In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their _（marry）ceremony in 1842.【名词作定语提分秘籍】1名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式(即使在意义上是复数)。如：radio programs电台节目。2man/woman作定语修饰名词时，随名词的单复数变化一起变化。如：a man doctor一名男大夫；two men doctors两名男大夫。但girl与boy作定语仍用单数形式，如many boy students许多男学生。3还有少数名词作定语时，形式不变。如：a clothes shop一个服装店；a sports man一位运动员；a customs officer一位海关官员；a goods train一列货车；a sales manager一个营销经理；a savings office一个储蓄所。考向三 名词所有格【典例】【2021浙江卷语法填空】It is calculated by dividing a _ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.【名词作定语提分秘籍】英语名词的所有格构成如下：构成情况举例单数名词后加“s”a boys seat，the students bag以­s结尾的人名只加“”Charles home词尾为­s的复数名词后只加“”the girls names，Teachers Day表示时间、距离、机构、团体、地名以及可拟人化的名词后加“s”todays newspaper，an hours work，Chinas industry数量词(a，two，some，no.)名词of名词所有格some friends ofmy fathers名词of名词所有格(往往含有感情色彩)the lecture of Mr. Yangs注意：无生命的名词(能拟人化的名词除外)可用of表示所属关系。来源:Zxxk.Com如：the windows of the classroom，the top of the mountain。所修饰的名词为“诊所、住宅或其他处所”时，被修饰的名词常省略。如：at the doctors(clinic)在诊所；to my uncles (house)到我叔叔家；in the managers(office)在经理办公室；at the barbers/tailors(shop)在理发店/裁缝铺。另外，表示并列的名词“共有某物”时，只在最后一个名词后加“s”；如果表示“各自所有”，则在每个名词后加s。如：Lucy and Marys desk露西和玛丽共用的课桌；Lucys and Marys desks露西和玛丽各自的课桌。1.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity. _(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.2.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】Minimize the impact of _(visit)the place. 3.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the _(develop)of the local areas. 4.【2021全国甲卷语法填空】Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and _ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.5.【2020全国卷语法填空】The far side of the moon is of particular _ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 6.【2020全国卷语法填空】Chinese New Year is a _ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 7.【2020全国卷语法填空】Filled with _ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.8.【2020新高考全国卷语法填空】Historical. _（accurate）is important but so is entertainment. 9.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】Later, they learned to work with the _（season）, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate（灌溉）their fields. 10.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】For Japan, the _ (number) are more striking 22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. 11.【2019全国卷语法填空】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a _ (believe) that populations are increasing. 12.【2019全国卷语法填空】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _（compete）to watch，together with the story behind it. 13.【2019浙江卷6月语法填空】Other American studies showed no _ (connect) between uniforms and school performance.14.【2018全国卷语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause).15.【2018全国卷语法填空】This switch has decreased _ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.16.【2018全国卷语法填空】My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a_ (science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 17.【2018浙江卷6月语法填空】Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.18.【2018浙江卷6月语法填空】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in _ (weigh) problems.19.【2018浙江卷11月语法填空】One study showed that _ (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.20.【2017全国卷语法填空】This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.21.【2017全国卷语法填空】It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. 22.【2017全国卷语法填空】This development was only possible with the_ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. 23.【2017全国卷语法填空】She is determined to carry on with her _ (educate).24.【2017全国卷语法填空】She has turned down several _ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 25.【2017浙江卷11月语法填空】You wouldn't think that a few_ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life, and that's also true for building your vocabulary-you have to keep at it daily, and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.26.【2017浙江卷语法填空】Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _ (carrot) and was about to throw them away. 1.【辽宁省朝阳市建平县2021届高三9月联考】Though making entrance fees compulsory will make museums less accessible to some, many museums do have certain days of the week when _ (admit) is free.2.【重庆市第八中学2021届高三二诊】When working with an amount of _ (number), an abacus is practically faster, since it has a better “keyboard” than the Western calculators.3.【重庆市第八中学2021届高三二诊】Anyway, the small abacus has made an outstanding contribution in the fields of human intellectual development, just as the computer does in todays_ (social).4.【辽宁省沈阳市2021届高三教学质量监测】As you walk through the quicksand, sometimes you can hear loud noises from beneath your _ (foot).5.【辽宁百校联盟2021届高三质监】According to44._ (official), the station is operated by a smart brain", a high-tech system that uses big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and the Internet of things to provide various services for visitors while guaranteeing the smooth operation of the station and reducing the energy 45._ (consume) of the entire building.6.【湖南师范大学附中2021届高三模拟】Spanish sport newspaper Marca noted that Wu has answered those who doubted his move to the club and that “ his quick _ (adapt) to La Liga (西甲) has surprised many people”.7.【湖南省永州市2021届高三二模】It is also important to note that the greatest _ (amaze) of the journey is Chang'e 5's lunar landing site-referred to as the Ocean of Storms-on the near side of the moon, where no probes (探测器) have paid a visit before.8.【湖南省永州市2021届高三二模】It's geologically younger than the sampling _ (area) of the US and the former Soviet missions, so the new sample will help fill in an important piece of the puzzle of the Moons history.9.【湖北省武汉市2021届高三质量检测】About 80% of Chinese characters are composed of smaller _ (part), which are combined in many different ways to form tens of thousands of hanzi.10.【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】Finally, he asked the princess to make a _ (choose): either marry the Rainbow Prince, settle down and give up dancing, or be put into prison for life at the North Pole of the earth.11.【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】To this day, we can still catch her dancing in the northern hemisphere and see _ (star) falling.12.【湖北省八市2021届高三联考】Shanghai culture is amazing, and the city is filled with smart people, dynamic interactions, a _ (willing) to move and an appetite for being modern while embracing diversity and creating a business friendly environment.13.【湖北省2021届高三联考】The return capsule of _ (China) Change 5 probe touched down on its preset landing site in Siziwang banner of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region at 1:59 am on Thursday, bringing back the countrys first samples collected from the moon, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA).14.【湖北省2021届高三联考】It marked the successful_ (conclude) of Chinas current three-step lunar exploration program of orbiting and landing, and bringing back samples, which began in 2004.15.【河北省张家口市2021届高三一模】Derlin Newey was in disbelief. “I don't know what to say, except thank you,” said Newey as he held back _ (tear) of joy.16.【河北省张家口市2021届高三一模】“I'm glad to help him,” said Valdez. “We just need to treat people with _ (kind) and respect. He stole our hearts.”17.【河北省保定市2021届高三模拟】As Chinas “mother river”, the peace and ecological environment of the Yellow River is significant to the sustainable _ (develop) of Chinese nation.18.【广东湛江一中2021届高三模拟】Their _ (able) to learn is compromised, and they may have difficulty developing social skills.19.【广东实验中学2021届高三模拟】It is the key time for spring agricultural _ (activity).20.【广东省深圳市2021届高三调研】Gans company has been a great success and Gan has received lots of awards for her_ (achieve).21.【广东省六校2021届高三联考】Andrea Dunn at the Cooper Research Institute in Dallas, Texas found patients who did daily 35-minute walks per week experienced a 47% _ (reduce) in their depression levels.22.【广东省六校2021届高三联考】Fears of an inactive lifestyle and piling on the pounds are forcing many to find novel _ (way) to move the body and stretch their muscles.23.【广州2021届高三一模】Today _ (visit) can observe a tea ceremony that might be enough to change even the most passionate coffee drinker.24.【广东省佛山市2021届高三质检】But in the past, they were canceled three _ (time)once during World War I and twice during World War II.25.【广东省佛山市2021届高三质检】Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called the _ (decide) "heartbreaking" for athletes, coaches and fans, but he agreed that “this was the right call”.26.【福建省厦门市2021届高三质检】So in many of these cultures, you should take care of what kind of eye contact you initiate with those who are your _ (superior) or in authority over you, so that you are not thought to be disrespectful or rude.27.【福建省龙岩市2021届高三质检】In Aug 2019, Liang won the gold medal at the 45th World Skills Competition in Electronics in Kazan, Russia, which is the biggest vocational education and skills excellence event in the world, organized every second year by the World Skills International with an aim to show the skills and promote career of_ (young).28.【福建省福州一中2021届高三模拟】Moreover, to achieve better results, the researchers suggest _ (limit) yourself to gentle jogging rather than fast-pace and tiring distance running.29.【福建省福州一中2021届高三模拟】They found that the 41. _ (benefit) of jogging are maximized when done at an average or even slow pace, and just one or two hours of jogging a week can be enough for you to gain success, regardless of your age or 43._(healthy) condition.30.【福建省福州市2021届高三一模】The ox is considered a symbol of diligence and _ (sincere).31.【重庆市育才中学2021届高三模拟】But there is a waytaking small _ (step)and learning new ways of thinking, little by little.32.【重庆市南开中学2021届高三模拟】When he found the tiny crows on the ground, he went to help. Despite the squawks of alarm from the_ (adult),Dahlquist managed to scoop up the chicks and put them back in the nest.33.【重庆市巴蜀中学2021届高三模拟】In China,_（construct）has begun of the countrys first solar highway, in which solar panels are placed underneath transparent concrete.34.【重庆市巴蜀中学2021届高三模拟】The solar highway is a 2 km stretch（一段）of road _（lie）on the Jinan City Expressway, and it