专题03-名词（解析版）-备战2022年新高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过.docx

考点03 名词（解析版）【命题趋势】近几年高考完形填空和语法填空中中对名词的考查一直是重点，且考查范围较广。其命题趋势仍将是：在不同语言环境中去识别词义，进行词义辨析，是高考考查的重点。因此，考生不仅要弄清词义，而且也要把握好语言环境，在单项填空、完形填空中这类试题会继续出现。建议考生在复习中注意名词的变形和基本用法。【重要考向】一、名词的数；二、名词作定语；三、名词所有格；考向一 名词的数【典例】【2021全国新高考卷语法填空】The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we _ (human) are.【参考答案】考查名词复数。句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。故填humans。【名词的数提分秘籍】名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。1可数名词的复数(1)可数名词变复数一般都是直接加­s；词尾若是s，x，ch，sh，在词尾加­esdeskdesks；dishdishes stomach的复数形式是stomachs(2)以”辅音字母y”结尾的词，要变y为i再加­esstudystudies(3)以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为­vesleafleaves(4)以字母o结尾的名词，多数加­spianopianos(5)单、复数同形sheep；deer(6)单、复数都要加s的名词works(工厂)；means(方法)有一些例外情况：(1)巧记以o结尾加­es的名词：黑人英雄吃西红柿和马铃薯。(即Negro，hero，tomato和potato四个词)(2)巧记以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时直接加­s：海湾(gulf)里的首领(chief)只相信(belief)放在屋顶(roof)保险箱(safe)里的证据(proof)。2不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示量，通常要用“a表量的概念的名词of名词”来表示，其中的表量的概念的名词可以根据需要用复数形式a piece of paper一张纸；several pieces of information几条信息。通常情况下，抽象名词和物质名词都是不可数名词，如comfort，luck，rain，energy等。3一些不可数名词也有复数形式，但词义不同语意语意brains智力times时代manners礼貌hairs几根头发goods货物sands沙滩，沙漠arms武器waters水域，领海snows积雪fruits水果glasses眼镜papers论文；试卷；报纸greens青菜customs海关pains努力woods树林4.抽象名词、物质名词具体化(1)英语中有一类名词在表示泛指意义时，它是一种概念，是不可数名词，但当它们被赋予了具体的含义后，可看作可数名词，一般与不定冠词连用，含有”一个(件、次)的人或事”。如：beauty(美，美貌)a beauty(一个美人或一件美物)danger(危险)a danger(一件危险的事或一个危险的人)failure(失败)a failure(一件失败的事或一个失败的人)honour(光荣)an honour(一个带来荣誉的人或一件带来荣誉的事)must(必须)a must(一件必要的事或物)worry(担心)a worry(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人)pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事)service(服务)a service(一个服务机构)smoke(烟)a smoke(一缕烟)surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事)experience(经验)an experience(一次经历)(2)物质名词在表示构成物体的基本要素时，是不可数名词，但一旦表示具体物品，就变成了可数名词。如：coffee(咖啡)a coffee(一杯咖啡)sand(沙子)a sand(一片沙滩)iron(铁)an iron(一个熨斗)water(水)a water(一片水域)抽象名词有时还可用复数形式。如：comfort(安慰)comforts(舒适的设施)；joy(乐趣)joys(乐事)；difficulty(困难)difficulties(困难，难做的事)。还有的用在某些固定短语中，如：have a look(看一下)；a few，a little(一些)；all of a sudden(突然)；make a study of(对进行研究)；in a hurry(匆忙)等。5有些可数名词抽象为“某一概念”时，便转化为不可数名词a room(房间)room(空间)；a word(话，词)word(消息)；a space(空地)space(宇宙,空间);go to school/church/bed/ college，etc(去上学/做礼拜/上床睡觉/上大学等)。6有些词只用作不可数名词Fun, advice, news, information, furniture，equipment，baggage/luggage，bread, homework，housework，juice，weather，progress，practice等。7常见复合名词的复数looker­onlookers­on旁观者；passer­bypassers­by过路人；father­in­lawfathers­in­law岳父；comrade­in­arms comrades­in­arms战友；go­betweengo­betweens中间人；grown­upgrown­ups成年人；store­keeperstore­keepers店主；tooth­brushtooth­brushes牙刷。8英语中集合名词的”数”有三种情况(1)“形单义复”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：cattle牛；police警察；people人们(作民族、种族讲时复数为peoples)；youth青年人(youths指青年们)。(2)“形单义单”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：baggage/luggage行李；clothing衣服；furniture家具；machinery机械；man/mankind人类。(3)有些集合名词作整体看时，当单数用，谓语动词用单数；作其“成员”解时，当复数用，且形式不变，谓语动词用复数。如：family家；government政府；group组；team队；class班级；audience听众。考向二 名词作定语【典例】【2021浙江卷6月语法填空】In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their _（marry）ceremony in 1842.【参考答案】考察名词。根据句意可知，此处要用名词marriage作ceremony的定语，表示“结婚仪式，结婚典礼”。故填marriage。【名词作定语提分秘籍】1名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式(即使在意义上是复数)。如：radio programs电台节目。2man/woman作定语修饰名词时，随名词的单复数变化一起变化。如：a man doctor一名男大夫；two men doctors两名男大夫。但girl与boy作定语仍用单数形式，如many boy students许多男学生。3还有少数名词作定语时，形式不变。如：a clothes shop一个服装店；a sports man一位运动员；a customs officer一位海关官员；a goods train一列货车；a sales manager一个营销经理；a savings office一个储蓄所。考向三 名词所有格【典例】【2021浙江卷语法填空】It is calculated by dividing a _ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.【参考答案】 persons 考查名词所有格。此空后接名词，且根据句意“它的计算方法是用一个人的体重公斤数除以身高米数的平方”，故此处填person的所有格形式。【名词作定语提分秘籍】英语名词的所有格构成如下：构成情况举例单数名词后加“s”a boys seat，the students bag以­s结尾的人名只加“”Charles home词尾为­s的复数名词后只加“”the girls names，Teachers Day表示时间、距离、机构、团体、地名以及可拟人化的名词后加“s”todays newspaper，an hours work，Chinas industry数量词(a，two，some，no.)名词of名词所有格some friends ofmy fathers名词of名词所有格(往往含有感情色彩)the lecture of Mr. Yangs注意：无生命的名词(能拟人化的名词除外)可用of表示所属关系。来源:Zxxk.Com如：the windows of the classroom，the top of the mountain。所修饰的名词为“诊所、住宅或其他处所”时，被修饰的名词常省略。如：at the doctors(clinic)在诊所；to my uncles (house)到我叔叔家；in the managers(office)在经理办公室；at the barbers/tailors(shop)在理发店/裁缝铺。另外，表示并列的名词“共有某物”时，只在最后一个名词后加“s”；如果表示“各自所有”，则在每个名词后加s。如：Lucy and Marys desk露西和玛丽共用的课桌；Lucys and Marys desks露西和玛丽各自的课桌。1.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity. _(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.【参考答案】考查名词。句意：那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行并且住宿宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。根据谓语动词range可知，空格处应填用可数名词activity的复数形式作主语。故填activities。2.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】Minimize the impact of _(visit)the place. 【参考答案】考查动名词。句意：最大限度地减少拜访这个地方的影响。根据空格前介词of可知，空格处应填动名词形式来作介词of的宾语。故填visiting。3.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the _(develop)of the local areas. 【参考答案】考查名词。句意：这不同于传统的旅游，因为它能让旅行者了解这个地区无论是地理环境还是文化特色，并且经常为环境保护提供资金，并有利于当地的发展。根据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处填入名词development来做动词benefits的宾语。故填development。4.【2021全国甲卷语法填空】Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and _ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.【参考答案】考查名词复数。句意：据说你可以在两个小时内完成，但我们在不同的大门和了望台停下来拍照，或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。根据句意以及前文形容词different可知，此处可数名词watchtower是复数概念，应用其复数形式。故填watchtowers。5.【2020全国卷语法填空】The far side of the moon is of particular _ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 【参考答案】考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可知，空处应填名词，interest是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。6.【2020全国卷语法填空】Chinese New Year is a _ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 【参考答案】考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。7.【2020全国卷语法填空】Filled with _ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.【参考答案】curiosity 句意：怀着好奇心，艺术家收拾行囊离开了。with为介词，后跟名词curiosity作宾语，表示“好奇心”。故填curiosity。8.【2020新高考全国卷语法填空】Historical. _（accurate）is important but so is entertainment. 【参考答案】accuracy 根据空白处之前的形容词historical及后面的谓语动词is可知，此处应填名词accuracy作句子的主语。9.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】Later, they learned to work with the _（season）, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate（灌溉）their fields. 【参考答案】seasons，考查名词单复数。根据后文可知人们在合适的时间种植农产品，即人们开始适应四季变化，因此要用seasons。 10.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】For Japan, the _ (number) are more striking 22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. 【参考答案】numbers 根据谓语动词are，可知主语应该用复数。11.【2019全国卷语法填空】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a _ (believe) that populations are increasing. 【参考答案】belief 根据空白处之前的冠词a及后面的同位语从句可知，此处应填名词belief。12.【2019全国卷语法填空】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _（compete）to watch，together with the story behind it. 【参考答案】 competition 根据空白处之前的冠词an和后面的to watch可知，此处应填名词competition。13.【2019浙江卷6月语法填空】Other American studies showed no _ (connect) between uniforms and school performance.【参考答案】connection / connections 根据Other American studies showed no 可知此处需要名词，此处可用connection的单数或复数形式作宾语。14.【2018全国卷语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause).【参考答案】causes 根据句意“每天仅仅跑5-10分钟就能降低所有因素导致的心脏病和早逝的风险”以及all可知，cause用复数形式。15.【2018全国卷语法填空】This switch has decreased _ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.【参考答案】pollution 此处作decrease的宾语，应填名词pollution。16.【2018全国卷语法填空】My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a_ (science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 【参考答案】scientist【构词法】 此处介绍“我”的身份是一位科学家。因此应填scientist。 17.【2018浙江卷6月语法填空】Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【参考答案】dishes 名词dish作“饭菜”解时是可数名词，此处表示泛指，故应填dish的复数形式。18.【2018浙江卷6月语法填空】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in _ (weigh) problems.【参考答案】weight 这里是指“体重问题”，故应用名词weight作定语。19.【2018浙江卷11月语法填空】One study showed that _ (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.【参考答案】women 根据该句后半句中的人称代词they可知，此处应填woman的复数形式。20.【2017全国卷语法填空】This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.【参考答案】effects 【名词(复数)】根据上文出现的some和下文的overweight and heart disease可知effect应用复数形式。21.【2017全国卷语法填空】It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. 【参考答案】crowds 【名词复数】crowd为可数名词，且由terrible可知，这里强调人多。因此crowd用复数形式。22.【2017全国卷语法填空】This development was only possible with the_ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. 【参考答案】introduction【词性转化(动词转化为名词)】根据语境“只有随着电力发动机和电梯的引入，这种改善才有可能”，with 后应接名词作其宾语。23.【2017全国卷语法填空】She is determined to carry on with her _ (educate).【参考答案】 education【词性转化(动词转化为名词)】此处意为“她决定继续她的学业”, 由her可知，因此填education。24.【2017全国卷语法填空】She has turned down several _ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 【参考答案】 invitations【名词复数】由修饰词several可知，invitation应用复数形式。25.【2017浙江卷11月语法填空】You wouldn't think that a few_ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life, and that's also true for building your vocabulary-you have to keep at it daily, and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.【参考答案】考查名词单复数。句意：你认为青少年时期几个月的记忆锻炼不够。month为可数名词，且由a few可知month应用复数形式。故填months。26.【2017浙江卷语法填空】Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _ (carrot) and was about to throw them away. 【参考答案】考查名词。根据“one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.”，及“a handful of ”，故填carrots。1.【辽宁省朝阳市建平县2021届高三9月联考】Though making entrance fees compulsory will make museums less accessible to some, many museums do have certain days of the week when _ (admit) is free.【参考答案】考查名词。when _ (admit) is free是时间状语从句，从句缺乏主语，系动词is是单数，用不可数名词admission（门票费）。故填admission。2.【重庆市第八中学2021届高三二诊】When working with an amount of _ (number), an abacus is practically faster, since it has a better “keyboard” than the Western calculators.【参考答案】考查名词。句意：当处理大量的数字时，算盘实际上更快，因为它有比西方计算器更好的“键盘”。an amount of “许多；大量”，后接可数名词时，应该用复数，number为可数名词，故填numbers。3.【重庆市第八中学2021届高三二诊】Anyway, the small abacus has made an outstanding contribution in the fields of human intellectual development, just as the computer does in todays_ (social).【参考答案】考查名词。句意：无论如何，小算盘在人类智力发展领域做出了杰出的贡献，就像当今社会的计算机一样。空格前是today's名词所有格，“当今的”，后接名词作介词in的宾语，故填society。4.【辽宁省沈阳市2021届高三教学质量监测】As you walk through the quicksand, sometimes you can hear loud noises from beneath your _ (foot).【参考答案】考查名词复数。句意：当你穿过流沙的时候，有时候你能听到脚下两英尺之下的巨大声响。foot“脚”为可数名词，其复数形式为feet，根据设空前your，可知，此处指双脚下，所以用复数。故填feet。5.【辽宁百校联盟2021届高三质监】According to44._ (official), the station is operated by a smart brain", a high-tech system that uses big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and the Internet of things to provide various services for visitors while guaranteeing the smooth operation of the station and reducing the energy 45._ (consume) of the entire building.【参考答案】44考查名词的数。句意：据有关官员介绍，“智慧大脑”是一种高科技系统，利用大数据、云计算、人工智能和物联网为游客提供各种服务，同时保证车站的平稳运行，降低整栋建筑的能源消耗。official为可数名词，此处前文没有冠词，应用复数。故填officials。45考查名词。句意：据有关官员介绍，“智慧大脑”是一种高科技系统，利用大数据、云计算、人工智能和物联网为游客提供各种服务，同时保证车站的平稳运行，降低整栋建筑的能源消耗。空处作宾语，表示“消耗”应填名词consumption，表抽象概念，不可数。故填consumption。6.【湖南师范大学附中2021届高三模拟】Spanish sport newspaper Marca noted that Wu has answered those who doubted his move to the club and that “ his quick _ (adapt) to La Liga (西甲) has surprised many people”.【参考答案】考查名词。句意同上。由空前his quick可知，此处使用名词，意为“他的快速适应”。故填adaptation。7.【湖南省永州市2021届高三二模】It is also important to note that the greatest _ (amaze) of the journey is Chang'e 5's lunar landing site-referred to as the Ocean of Storms-on the near side of the moon, where no probes (探测器) have paid a visit before.【参考答案】考查名词。句意：还需要注意的是，旅程的最大惊奇之处在于嫦娥五号的登月地点-被称为月球附近的风暴海洋-在月球附近，这里没有探测器进行探访过。分析句子可知，空处前为the greatest形容词最高级，根据括号内提示词amaze，所以是名词形式，形容词修饰名词，故填amazement。8.【湖南省永州市2021届高三二模】It's geologically younger than the sampling _ (area) of the US and the former Soviet missions, so the new sample will help fill in an important piece of the puzzle of the Moons history.【参考答案】考查名词的数。句意：它在地质上比美国和前苏联飞行任务的采样区域年轻，因此新的采样将有助于填补月球历史难题中的一个重要部分。根据句子中空处前the sampling，提示词是area，采样区域，所以是复数。故填areas。9.【湖北省武汉市2021届高三质量检测】About 80% of Chinese characters are composed of smaller _ (part), which are combined in many different ways to form tens of thousands of hanzi.【参考答案】考查名词复数。句意：大约80%的汉字是由较小的部分组成的，这些小部分以许多不同的方式组合起来，形成成千上万个汉字。根据空格前的形容词smaller以及定语从句中的谓语动词are combined可知，此处需要用可数名词part的复数形式。故填parts。10.【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】Finally, he asked the princess to make a _ (choose): either marry the Rainbow Prince, settle down and give up dancing, or be put into prison for life at the North Pole of the earth.【参考答案】考查名词。句意：最后，他要求公主做一个选择：要么嫁给彩虹王子，安定下来，放弃跳舞，要么被关进在地球北极的终身监狱。根据前面的不定冠词a可知，此处用所给动词的名词形式choice作宾语，且用单数，故填choice。11.【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】To this day, we can still catch her dancing in the northern hemisphere and see _ (star) falling.【参考答案】考查名词复数。句意：直到今天，我们仍然可以看到她在北半球跳舞，并看到星星落下。star此处为可数名词，根据前文many a star及常识可知，是很多星星，故此处用所给名词的复数。故选stars。12.【湖北省八市2021届高三联考】Shanghai culture is amazing, and the city is filled with smart people, dynamic interactions, a _ (willing) to move and an appetite for being modern while embracing diversity and creating a business friendly environment.【参考答案】考查名词。句意：上海的文化令人惊叹，这座城市充满了聪明的人，充满活力的互动，人们愿意迁移，渴望现代化，同时包容多样性，创造了一个友好的商业环境。根据空前的a可知，空处填名词，表示“意愿”。故填willingness。13.【湖北省2021届高三联考】The return capsule of _ (China) Change 5 probe touched down on its