考点12 主谓一致- 备战2021年高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过.docx

考点12 主谓一致【命题解读】在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。近几年来，高考关于该内容的考查主要集中在语法形态一致、逻辑意义一致以及就近一致三个方面上。【命题预测】主谓一致在高考中常与名词结合在一起进行综合考查，多以语法填空和短文改错的形式出题。纵观近年的高考真题，主谓一致中主要与动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。预计2021年高考仍会沿袭这一命题规律。【复习建议】 1. 掌握主谓一致的三个原则：语法形态一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致；2. 掌握主谓一致中的固定搭配；3. 掌握定语从句中的主谓一致；4. 掌握倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致。高考主谓一致的知识结构一致原则考点详解例句语法一致1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.What he said is very important for us all.The children were in the classroom two hours ago. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.2. 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。Lucy and Lily are twins. She and I are classmates.The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. Both she and he are Young Pioneers.3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She，like you and Tom，is very tall. 4. either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has a new book.Everything around us is matter.5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 一致原则考点详解例句语法一致6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。Class Four is on the third floor. Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7. 由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. 50% of the students in our class are girls.注：a number of 与the number of的区别8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. 逻辑一致1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag？Which are your bags？All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Ten miles is too long.3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一致原则考点详解例句逻辑一致5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。Twelve plus eight is twenty.Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6. 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.I think physics isnt easy to study. 7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。The old are taken good care of.9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。A large quantity of people is needed here.注意：quantities一般用复数。Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词， 作主语时， 谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of 修饰不可数名词， 作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.就近一致1. 当两个主语由either or， neither nor，whether or ，not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither they nor he is wholly right. 2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.Here引导的句子用法同上。如：Here is a map and a handbook for you.考向一语法一致语法一致：就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1. 单数名词、不可数名词、不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数。His father is working on the farm. Time is money. To finish all the work on time is impossible. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. The children are in the classroom 2 hours ago.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数但如果表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。What I bought were 3 English books. What I say and do are helpful to you.2. 由and 或both.and 连接起来的合成主语后面谓语动词用复数。Lucy and Lily are twins. She and I are friends. Both she and he are Young Pioneers.如果and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就用单数。 The writer and artist has come.由and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有each, every, no more than a(an), many a(an)修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Every student and every teacher was in the room. No boy and no girl likes it.3. 主语后面有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。 Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4. either, neither, each, every或no+单数neither/neither/none of 复数名词，还有some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Each of us has a new book. Everything around us is matter.Neither of the texts is interesting. None of us has been to South Africa.5. 定语从句中，关系代词that, which, who 作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词一致。He is one of my students who are working hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6. 集体名词family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等，指整体时，用单数；指集体的成员时，用复数。 His family is a happy one.The whole family are watching TV.The population of China is 1400 million.(人口)One third of the population here are workers.(人)people, cattle, police作主语时，谓语动词用复数。7. 由a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of 名词，或者是分数/百分数名词构成的短语作主语，谓语动词的数由名词的单复数决定。 The rest of the lecture is wonderful. A lot of time is wasted. A lot of people take part in the meeting. 2/3 water is drunk by him. 2/3 students are absent.8. 倒装句中，谓语v.的数与其后的主语一致。On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts.1.（2020·新课标卷I·语法填空）“This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct).”【答案】67. means 【解析】此处考查主谓一致。主语 it 为第三人称单数，因此谓语动词应用means。 2. （2020·新课标卷III·短文改错）My dad dont like the soup and I dont enjoy apples.【答案】第四句：dont doesnt 【解析】考查主谓一致。本句主语 my dad 为第三人称单数，故应改为doesnt。 3.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）The musician along with his band members _ ten performances in the last three months.A. givesB. has givenC. have givenD. give【答案】B【解析】考查现在完成时与主谓一致。句意：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。由“in the last three months”可知，这句话的时态为现在完成时，故排除AD选项。本句主语为the musician，为第三人称单数形式，句中的“along with his band members”是附加成分，故谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。故选B。考向二 意义一致原则1. 表示时间、度量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主语，因为其在概念上是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Twenty minutes is enough for the work. One hundred dollars is stolen from the ATM.2. 如果是书名，片名，格言，剧名，报名，国名等的复数形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book.one and a half 复数n.，谓语动词用单数。One and a half apples is left on the table.3. 算是中表示数目通常用单数（加减乘除）4. 表示学科的以ics结尾的名词作主语，用单数。Physics is an important subject in middle schools. Mathematics is the study of numbers. Politics, economics, athletics等。5. 复数形式的单复数同形的名词作主语，意义一致。 The glass works was built up in 1980. These glass works are near the railway station.6. 由两部分组成的名词，trousers, glasses, shorts, scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。a pair of 等量词时，视情况而定。7. The adj. 表示一类人，作主语时用复数。The young are usually very active. The old are lonely.1. （2020·天津卷3月·单项填空）11. A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle-aged in this city _ in favour of the proposal on health care reform.A. isB. areC. wasD. were【答案】D【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：去年进行的一项调查显示，该市80的中年人赞成医疗改革的建议。通过分析句子结构并翻译语境可知，主句时态为一般过去时，根据时态一致性可知从句中时态也为一般过去时，且从句中主语80% of the middle-aged是复数，按照主谓一致原则，因此使用be动词were。故选D项。2. 【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】 Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _70_ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.【答案】are【解析】时态和考查主谓一致。根据three are declining，此处数词six作主语，代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”，故用复数谓语，一般现在时，故填are。考向三 就近一致原则就近一致：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。（1）当两个主语由either or， neither nor，whether or ，not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind. 他的父母和我都不能说服他改变注意。（2）there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk.  书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。 （3）在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。Here is a map and a handbook for you. 这是一张你的地图和一本手册。Such are the facts. 事实就是如此。（4）就远原则：谓语动词与前面主语一致。主语后面接连接性短语时，这种结构并不影响主语和谓语的关系，即谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like，rather than， together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等。your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me.你姐姐和你父母一样，对我很好。she，like you and betty，is very clever.像你和betty一样，她也很聪明。 The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.A.is goingB.goC.goesD.are going【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。句意：在冬天的每个星期天下午，这位父亲和他的三个孩子都去结冰的河面上滑冰。当 as well as 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数应与as well as前面的名词或代词保持一致。本题的谓语动词应与The father保持一致，用单数形式；由时间状语 every Sunday afternoon可知，本句应用一般现在时。故选C项。考点三 名词+介词短语作主语名词或代词后接as well as，with，along with，together with，except，but等短语作主语时，谓语动词的形式应和介词短语前的名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。She as well as other students likes playing computer games. 她和其他学生都喜欢玩电脑游戏。He with his parents is working in the fields. 他正和他的父母在地里干活。Nobody but you and me knows it. 除了你和我，没人知道。考向四 不定代词作主语1. 当作主语的名词前有each，neither，either，every修饰或each，neither，either作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Each student has a book. 每一个学生都有一本书。Either answer is correct. 两个答案都是正确的。Neither parent is with him. 他的父母都没有和他在一起。Every minute is important to us. 每一分钟对大家都很重要。2. 当复合不定代词someone，anyone，somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody，something，anything，nothing，everything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Somebody is waiting for you outside. 有人在外面等你。Is everybody here today? 今天大家都到了吗? Something is wrong with my watch. 我的手表出故障了。Nobody was away yesterday. 昨天没有人离开。All we need _ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruittrees throughout the growing seasons of the year.A. areB. wasC. isD. were【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致及时态用法。句中的主语为代词all，代指的是物，故谓语动词用单数形式。再根据从句中的can可以判断用一般现在时。句意：我们所需要的是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够种各种不同的水果树。故C正确。考向五 特殊名词作主语1. 国名、人名、书名、报刊名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时，即使其形式上是复数，谓语动词也要用单数。The United States lies to the east of China. 美国在中国的东方。(国名)Engels was good at learning foreign languages. 恩格斯擅长学外语。(人名)2. the+形容词作主语时，表示某类人，谓语动词用复数。The sick are taken good care of. 病人得到很好的照顾。The old are supposed to be spoken to politely. 跟老人讲话要有礼貌。3. 以-s结尾的学科名词，如maths，physics，politics等和以-s结尾的抽象名词，如news，plastics等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。Physics is very difficult for me to learn. 物理对我来讲很难学。The news was very exciting. 这条新闻十分激动人心。4. 单复数形式相同的名词，如Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由名词前的修饰语来确定。A Chinese wants to see you. 一个中国人想见你。Ten sheep are eating grass there. 那边有10只绵羊在吃草。【注意】Chinese，Japanese，English等前加the表示一国人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The Chinese speak Chinese. 中国人说汉语。考向六 表数量概念的词或短语作主语1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Ten years has passed quickly. 10年很快就过去了。Ten dollars is enough. 10美元就够了。100 kilometers is a long way. 100千米是一段很长的路。2. 加减乘除运算中的谓语动词用单数，其中加法与乘法也可用复数。Two and two is/are four. 2加2等于4。Six times one is/are six. 6乘以1等于6。3. many a/more than one+单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。There is more than one answer. 有不止一个答案。Many a student has passed the exam. 许多学生通过了考试。4. one and a half+复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。One and a half days is all I can spare. 一天半是我所能支配的全部时间。One and a half pears is left on the plate. 一个半梨被留在盘子里。5. the rest of. 短语作主语时，如果of后接复数名词，谓语用复数；如果of后接不可数名词，谓语用单数。The rest of the bikes are on sale. 余下的自行车降价出售。The rest of the bread is gone. 剩余的面包不见了。6. none of+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。None of the dogs was/were there. 那儿没有狗。7. a number of+名词复数表示许多/大量的，其后的谓语动词用复数；the number of+名词复数表示的数量，其中心词为number，故谓语动词用单数。A number of farmers are standing over there. 许多农民站在那边。The number of the students in this school has reached over 2，000. 这所学校的学生数量已达到2 000多人。8. a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名词作主语，谓语动词由of后的名词来确定。如果of后是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如果of后是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。A lot of time is needed. 需要大量的时间。Plenty of workers are working. 许多工人在工作。考向七 动名词、不定式和从句作主语动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数。Doing morning exercises is good for your body. 做早操对你的身体有益。To play with fire near a gas station is very dangerous. 在加油站附近玩火很危险。What he said at the meeting is very important. 他在会上的发言很重要。 The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ around $8，450 a year, which _ a burden for some of them. A. are；is B. are；are C. is；are D. is；is【答案】A【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：那所大学估计，对国际学生来说，一年的生活开销大约是8450美元，这对他们中某些学生来说是一个负担。第一空的主语是living expenses，是复数，因此谓语动词用复数；第二空的主语是which，指代的是前面整个句子，因此谓语动词用单数。【辨析】其他情况例句and连接并列主语时，谓语动词常常使用复数；但是and连接的并列主语指同一人、同一物时，谓语使用单数。The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了(作家和教师指同一个人)The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)单数名词或代词+名词或代词+but/besides/except/including/like/with/along with/as well as /rather than/such as/together with+名词或代词作主语，谓语使用单数形式，如果之前的名词或代词是复数，则谓语使用复数。Mike with his father has been to England.迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。Mike, like his brother，enjoys playing football. 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。the number of+复数名词作主语谓语用单数; a(good/large) number of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。The number of the students is over eight hundred. 学生人数超过八百。A number of teachers are present today，and the number of them is 500. 许多教师今天都出席了，有500人。由两个相同部分组成的一个整体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数，如chopsticks，glasses，shoes，socks，stockings, trousers, boots等。若此类名词被a kind of/a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。The scissors are on the shelf next to the cupboard. 剪刀在橱柜旁边的架子上。A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. 近些天，眼镜的售价很高。当not only. but also.，not. but.，or，either. or.，neither. nor.等连接并列主语时，以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数形式采用就近一致原则。Neither Jack and I have seen this film.杰克和我都没有看过这部电影Either you or he is to attend the meeting tomorrow.或者是你或者是他去参加明天的会议。某些集体名词class, club, family, team, group等作主语时，谓语动词采用意义一致原则，即依据名词的具体含义来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。The company has grown rapidly in the last five years.这家公司五年来迅速发展壮大。The family are celebrating Thanksgiving in this picture.在这张相片里，全家人正在庆祝感恩节。【知识拓展】如果这一类集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词使用单数形式，如果这一类词指的是具体成员，则谓语动词应该使用复数形式。【巧学妙记】主谓一致记忆口诀单单复复最常见，集体名词谓用单。如若强调其成员，复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓常复，people、police即这般。主语单数后接介，谓语单数介无关。many a作主语也如此，谓语动词应用单。or、nor、but also、there be，近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词定主语，谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词，主语从句谓全单。时间、货币与距离，谓语多单复少见，rest，means，followi