考向43 概要写作之语篇类型特征分析(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题.docx

考向43 概要写作之语篇类型特征分析概要写作与语篇类型概要写作实际上就是对所读过的文章简要而概括地写出文章的中心大意。写概要时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的句子。写概要也不是把细节性的信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、短语和句子进行合理转换，重新组织文章的信息，再用合适的语言进行表述。这种写作形式能考查考生的阅读理解能力和对文章的大意进行归纳概括、重新构造、创新输出的能力。写作技法一、题型特点要求考生进行概要写作的阅读材料原文词数一般为300词左右。文章体裁可以是记叙文、说明文或者议论文。写作要求考生在对原文阅读后根据其内容写出一篇约60词的内容概要。概要所用语句既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。二、注意事项1词数要限制在60词左右，上下限不得超过10个单词。2要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。3人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。4写作时尽可能地使用复合句，必要时可转换词性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。三、写作步骤第一步：仔细审题速读文章，确定文章的体裁和题材、人称和时态以及写作要求等。第二步：细读全文阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：记叙文圈出记叙文的六要素(who, when, where, what, how, why)，如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意说明文找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议议论文提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、结论) 第三步：初写成文初写概要时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：记叙文先用一两句话串联人、时、地、事等要素，再用三到五个句子简要描述事情的经过和结果说明文找出要说明对象的现象、原因等或解决问题的措施、建议等议论文把议论文的三个要素(论点、论据、结论)进行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之语义上具有逻辑性和连贯性第四步：润色升级初写成文后，要对概要进行润色升级，使用高级词汇和高级句式代替平庸词汇和一般句式，使之锦上添花。第五步：复查定稿写好概要后，要从语法和语义角度进行通读。对语法错误和语义不连贯处进行修改润色。最后规范誊写在答题卷的指定位置。说明文的概要写作  一、说明文的写作顺序        一是以空间为序对事物进行描写；二是以时间为序对事物进行描写；三是按逻辑顺序对事物进行描写。其中，按“逻辑顺序”描写的说明文又分下面几种：         一是描写某事物的性质功用；二是针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施；三是介绍某现象及其原因或本质。        在“读写任务”中，纯粹的说明文作为原文的形式出现比较少，不少文章的文体都是介于“说明”和“议论”之间的，单纯的说明文作为“读写任务”的原文主要是以“逻辑顺序”出现，因为这样才能更好地为主体部分的议论或叙述服务。 二、说明文的构成        说明文通常由三部分构成，第一部分为文章的第一段，呈献文章所要介绍/说明的对象或阐述的内容；第二部分为文章的主体，或介绍事物的方位，或描述事物的性质、功用，或提出解决方法，或说明某种现象等；第三部分为结尾段，呼应首段，归结主题。为此，说明文的写作，当以简洁明了的语言描述事物、现象或过程。通常，说明文中常会（在每段）有topic sentence出现，这为考生写作summary提供了帮助，但考生须对其作变通以免落下照抄原句之嫌。  三、概要写作模板        1. 描写事物性质功用        In the passage the writer introduces .(对象)to us, especially its . (性质或功用), from which we know. (对象带来的利好).        2. 问题+解决方法        The passage represents.(问题) and brings forth several measures/methods to solve the problem, which include. (方法1),.(方法2) and .(方法3).        3. 现象+原因/本质        (The author/writer represents/introduces) .(现象) of . , because /but.(原因/本质1), and . (原因/本质2). 四、概要写作句式（一）提出问题: (现象，变化，影响，作用, 例举)1. More and more (an increasing number of) experts argue (believe) that colors influence (affect) our mood, career and health.2. What attracts customers? Obviously the logo contributes a great deal. (The logo plays an important role in / has a positive effect on attracting customers.)3. The first metal detectors were meant to help miners. They cost a lot of money. And worst of all, they didnt function properly. ( Metal detectors were first used to help miners, but they cost much, and didnt work well. )4. They are in airports. They are in courthouses. Some schools use them. (Many detectors are being used in many places such as schools, courthouses, and airports. )5. The distance at which people stand when they speak tends to be smaller in China, while in Nordic cultures people usually stand further apart. ( For example, not all people stand at the same distance when speaking to others. )（二）分析问题 （原因，结果）1. Their calls have become ten times louder, as the seas have become noisier than before. (Whales learn to shout as a result of increased noises in the ocean. )2. As robots start doing more and more work we used to do, and doing it much more efficiently, what if the need for jobs disappears altogether? What if the robots end up. ( People worry about the problems caused by robots high efficiency and so on. )3. Psychologists suggest there are several reasons for a shopping addiction. For some people, . For others,. (There are different reasons why people become shopaholics, such as reducing stress, fighting loneliness and so on.)4. Some studies show that patients suffering from depression were helped by simply taking a shower. ( Taking cold showers lead to less stress.)5. Smoking is said to lead to more heart disease-related deaths. (Besides, smoking is more likely to cause heart disease- related deaths. )（三）解决问题 (目的，提倡，避免，想法）1. What you should be looking for is flat ground. + If its possible, you are supposed to pitch camp in a shady place. (It is important/necessary to find flat ground with shade. )2. Do not pitch your tent too close to dead trees, because of the danger of fallen branches. (However, it is not a good idea (not advisable) to place your tent next to dead trees, as you may be in danger of fallen branches.)3. It is vital to have a strong image, which is immediately recognisable. We should renew logos constantly. (To be better recognized, logos should be renewed timely. 不定式和被动结构！)4. By getting rid of the need for people to work, robots would free us up to think more about what really makes us human. (Furthermore, as robots save us a lot of labor, we humans should focus on thinking about the value of humans. 增加因果关系)5. In fact, its a relationship without any responsibility. Wesch believes that its vital for people to use digital media in positive new ways. (Although Wesch points out that this relationship involves no real responsibility, he still insists that it is important for people to apply the digital media positively. 增加转折关系)（五）研究报告(1)表示文章的内容以及研究目的This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with.The article focuses on the topic of.(2)表示研究的结论The result showed that.The author found that.It was concluded that.(3)表示推荐、观点或建议The author suggests/considers that.Suggestions are made for.【检测训练】1. 阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。It is no ones job to believe in you, and no one will, unless you believe in yourself. Belief that you can achieve whatever you set your mind to will keep you working when others give up, and it will give you the tools you need to craft your own success from any situation. Any natural talent you have is not enough. Talent is only the beginning. Success is only achieved through hours and hours of hard work, of being knocked down but refusing to quit, and if you are unwilling to put in the effort, you will be overtaken by those who simply want it more.Part of success is being able to cope with failure. What if you give your best, and you still fail? My answer to that, is this: I would sooner look myself in the eye and know I did my best, than know I failed because I was held back by fear. There is no honour in being able to say that you could have done better if you had tried harder. The rowing race that I am most proud of was actually one that I lost, as it is the one I know I gave my all to. No one can ask for more than your best, and if you give your best then you have not failed.So how do you stop the task at hand from feeling too overwhelming? How do you pace yourself for a goal you know will take two years to achieve? How do you cope with the pressure? There is a skill to not thinking too far ahead. You must discipline yourself to focus on what you need to do on a day-by-day basis. Big dreams are made of little goals. Complete one task at a time, brilliantly, and then the next, and the next. Do this for long enough, and you will get there. When you do, you can finally step back and appreciate that you have achieved something incredible._2. 阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。As is known, if we are united no one can defeat us. But if we constantly have conflicts or misunderstandings, we may attract outsiders to take advantage of ourselves, which may ultimately result in our failure. Unity is the source of strength and people who are united have the capability to tackle any kind of situation as they share each others burdens and hardships.In olden days, man lived alone. He travelled and hunted all by himself, which sometimes gave opportunities to fierce animal to attack and kill him. Then he realized that if he joined hands with other hunters, he would be able to face several common dangers and challenges. This is how, villages got formed, which later got developed into the towns and cities.In the sports ground, be it cricket, football, baseball, basketball or any kind of sport, a united team and an appropriate strategy may contribute to the success of the team, but if there is a conflict or unhealthy competition or unnecessary misunderstanding among the team members, they may invite the opponents to take advantage of their shortcomings and win the game. Likewise, if the members of a family stay together and support each other in every phase of life, no outsiders can harm the family.There was once an old man who lived in a village with his three sons. The sons always fought with each other and would not pay any attention to their father. The man fell sick and assumed that he would die soon; he was very worried about the fact that once he died, people would take advantage of his sons conflicts. He called all his sons and asked them to break a bundle of sticks, one by one. None of them could do it. He then untied the bundle and gave each stick to each one of them asking them to break, which they could very conveniently accomplish. He then told his sons that they should stay like the bundle of sticks so that no one can break them; but if they keep on fighting, they will be broken by the outsiders easily._3. 阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。If youre anything like us, it seems that your stomach starts to grumble(隆隆响)as soon as McDonalds golden arches come into view. The reason behind that isnt the mouthwatering taste of their delicious friesthis is how they get them to taste so good by the wayits actually psychological, and it has to do with the colors of their logo.The colors red and yellow were chosen for a specific reason, and it wasnt because they looked nice with Ronald McDonalds clown-like face. It actually has to do with science. The color red is stimulating and is associated with being active. It also increases heart rate, which helps to jumpstart your appetite. The color yellow is associated with happiness and is the most visible color in daylight, so thats why a McDonalds sign is so easy to spot on a crowded road.The brain processes color before it processes words or shapes, so thats why the fast-food chain chose these two colors for their logo and brand. Red and yellow makes you hungry, encouraging you to want to buy the product they sell, while also making you feel happy.McDonalds has started to use this color philosophy to influence and change the way people currently think about their brand as well. Many franchises(授权经销商)in Europe have started to incorporate more of the color green into their storefronts and interior design because its associated with nature and being environmentally friendly, something McDonalds has been criticized for not being in the past. The company has been working to become greener by using environmentally friendly refrigeration and converting used oil into biodiesel(生物柴油)fuel._4. 阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。An allergy, also known as an allergic disease, is an immune system reaction to normally harmless things, such as dust，plants, animals or certain foods. Symptoms vary depending on the allergy. Common cold symptoms such as low fever, sneezing, and a sore throat may all indicate allergies.What causes an allergic reaction is a question still puzzling scientists. Types of allergies have greatly increase since the mid-20th century， leading some experts to suggest the increased environmental pollution is held responsible. Some experts suggest that allergies are related with genes with twins being particularly likely to share the same problems. Often，an allergic reaction will develop in childhoods but since many reactions are likely to worsen with repeated exposure, symptoms can start to appear at any age. However，some people may overcome childhood allergies with age growing.Testing for an allergy can be a tricky process，particularly if an allergic reaction could threaten the victim's life. Doctors often use a skin test method for a variety of possible allergic reactions. In skin testing, a tiny amount of an allergen (过敏原) is shot into a marked place of skin to see if the skin reacts negatively. If serious reactions are a concern , doctors can also use a blood test， although this takes more time and may be less accurate than skin testing.Treatment may depend on the type and severe degree of the patient allergic response. In some mild cases， such as sneezing caused by animal exposure， patients are told to avoid exposure when possible. Avoiding the food is also key with many food allergies, particularly those that can cause severe responses. When avoiding is impossible,some doctors may recommend shots. This intends to build up tolerance in the immune system by exposing the patient to increasing small amounts of the allergen over time._5. 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。College students need textbooks to help them learn and earn an academic degree. However, on top of tuition, room and board and meals, why are textbooks so expensive? Textbooks cover many areas of knowledge. They are prepared specifically with a lot of information that include many original pictures, special charts, and specific data. Textbooks are extremely useful to students for learning and profitable for the companies that publish them. While textbooks can be a financial burden on the student, they can be profitable for a book scouter (侦察员).A b